tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78474913215062124412024-02-20T21:24:23.726-05:00All Gods Were ImmortalJoanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.comBlogger112125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-88077829828421649192019-08-01T12:45:00.005-04:002019-08-06T11:11:11.900-04:00In Silico Is Not a Lonely Option: In Vitro Organoids Test New Pharmaceuticals<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">In 2014, I remarked here about </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.allgodswereimmortal.com/search?q=in+silico"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">in silico</span></span></i></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> modeling for digital biology. The relationship
between AI-driven </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://ieet.org/index.php/tpwiki/In_silico_biology"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">digital</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> and in vitro modeling in </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://systemsbiology.org/about/what-is-systems-biology/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">systems biology</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> is developing to
some extent in synch and in a mutually cross-fertilizing manner for the purpose
of minimizing both clinical and animal testing while expediting, improving and
reducing cost of </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://insilico.com/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">biomedical innovation</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">. Here is a sketch
of how this might work in a more organized fashion:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE"><a href="https://hsci.harvard.edu/organoids"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Organoids</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> are artificial organ-like structures a few
millimeters in size bred in vitro that show realistic </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoid"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">micro-anatomy</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">. They are developed to perform medical
tests for which otherwise </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/experiments_1.shtml"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">animal testing</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> would have to be
used, that, ethical issues aside, is neither a very close nor highly reliable
approximation of human organs. Such partial models of the brain, heart or kidneys
have already been created in recent years for narrowly-tailored specific
purposes. Compared to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in silico </i>models,
they involve genuine human tissue and higher levels of complexity in some
respects.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Researchers working with </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Penninger"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Josef
Penninger</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">
at the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.imba.oeaw.ac.at/research/josef-penninger/team/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Institute of Molecular Biotechnology</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> (IMBA) in Vienna,
Austria now </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0858-8"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">report</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> that they took a further step:
they established </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_cell_culture"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">3D tissue cultures</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> that permit testing blood
vessels on the micro scale. Among additional future uses, their model presented
in Nature serves to simulate </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3546345/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">diabetic vascular damage</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">. <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Diabetics frequently
face vascular diseases as a consequence of their systemic condition. In the case of major blood vessels, potential
consequences include faster occurrences of atherosclerosis resulting in
myocardial infarction, stroke, and amputation of the lower limbs. However, diabetic
damage affecting small vessels, micro-vasculopathy, can have similarly catastrophic
results as it triggers </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4206379/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">diabetic kidney
disease</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> that requires many diabetics to undergo
regular dialysis, and/or causes </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">diabetic
retinopathy</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">. Work on a 3D vascular organoid
model was finalized by a team of </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reiner_Wimmer"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Reiner Wimmer</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">,
who created 1-2-millimeter sized models of human capillaries, complete with </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26848/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">endothelial
cells</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> as a cavity lining layer as well as </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4759679/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">pericytes</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">
as supporting cells. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">To create a vascular model of </span></span></span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/capillary"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">capillaries</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">,
the researchers induced human stem cells to differentiate into functional blood
vessels of a micro-format. These human blood vessel organoids were then
implanted into the kidneys of </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficient_mice"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">immunodeficient
mice</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> that do not reject human cell tissue. The
organoids grew to form a stable, perfused vascular tree including arteries,
arterioles and venules. In 95 percent of cases, the organoids survived longer
than six months. This experimental design also appears to be well suited for
research on microvascular disease resulting from </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">diabetes
mellitus type 2</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">. In this type of microvascular
disease, one essential feature is the thickening and onion-like structure of
these vessels’ basement membrane and loss of vascular cells. The endothelial
cell layer “leaks,” and such leakage leads in diabetics to retinal disease that
causes a typical damage to the ocular fundus ending in blindness. Diabetes
impairs the functions of endothelial cells and disturbs communication between
the endothelium and pericytes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">The experiment imitated
type 2 diabetes in the lab by exposing the blood vessel organoids to hyperglycemia
by inducing high concentrations of sugar and inflammatory messengers
(cytokines), which in vitro induces thickening of the vascular basement
membrane. Down to the level of electron microscopy, all the typical
pathological changes to the capillaries became visible. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The authors derived a first set of results from
tests in which the diabetic organoids were treated with a wide range of
conventional antidiabetic medications aimed at lowering blood sugar levels. None
of them showed any effect on the changes occurring in the vascular organoids. Perhaps
the best result came from an inhibitor of gamma-secretase enzyme (</span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3587542/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">DAPT</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">).
DAPT reduced the formation of </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925443914002191"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">vascular
thickening type IV collagen</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> and normalized the emergence
of endothelial cells. According to the results of first impression, this is
apparently due to an effect attributed to the expression of the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/NOTCH3"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">NOTCH3 gene</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">.
</span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3726525/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Gamma-secretase
inhibitors</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> have so far been tested as potential
Alzheimer drugs. This may yet prove important to future search for new
strategies for prevention and treatment of diabetic vascular disease. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">The exciting part about this research
is that the authors were able to produce genuine human blood vessels out of
stem cells. These organoids show very high similarity to human capillaries, which
permits conducting meaningful studies of vascular diseases directly in live
human tissue. This study in </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_biology"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">experimental biology</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> proved that </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">organoids derived from human stem cells faithfully reproduce
the structure and function of human blood vessels and are useful systems for
modelling and identifying the regulators of </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11368471"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">diabetic vasculopathy,</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> a
disease that affects hundreds of millions of patients worldwide. To the extent
the data from such models can be fed into AI to improve <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in silico</i> modeling, a significant acceleration of pharmacological
testing cycles seems to be within reach.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-43619260207326344162019-07-31T10:02:00.000-04:002019-07-31T17:15:43.385-04:00It Now Becomes Impossible to Lose Face in China: Faceless Face Recognition<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">As Chinese authorities seek
cradle-to-grave surveillance in the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNf4-d6fDoY"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">world’s largest market</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> for surveillance camera
technology, AI algorithms take over where cameras cannot film faces.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">A competitive arm’s race has been
set off among Chinese companies. Similar to the “Sputnik shock” that set off
the 1960s space race, this one seeks to generate the best surveillance technologies
to meet the growing demand of police authorities in the country. Companies
recently began to use software that recognizes people no longer by their face –
which may be too easily fooled – but solely based on their body shape and gait.
Algorithms are used whenever cameras cannot record faces. Gait recognition
software is already being used by police on the streets of </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://cms.ati.ms/2018/10/gait-analysis-in-trial-runs-in-beijing-shanghai-xinjiang/"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Beijing and Shanghai</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">, but also, and potentially
giving rise to more concern, for population control of Uighurs in the Western
province of </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/china-gait-recognition-cctv"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Xinjiang</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">Virtually all surveillance products in use are made by Chinese companies
in China. Foreign companies hardly play any role in monitoring the Chinese
population as it has long exceeded a billion. In terms of gait recognition,
startup </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.biometricupdate.com/companies/watrix-technology"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Watrix</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> has made a name for itself. CEO </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.crunchbase.com/person/huang-yongzhen"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Huang
Yongzhen</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> said his system can </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/chinese-gait-recognition-tech-ids-people-by-how-they-walk/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">identify
people up to 50 meters away</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">, even with their backs
to the camera or with their face covered. Current European legislation banning
facial or full-body veiling may be approaching obsolescence. Of course, the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/A-Mad-Frenzy-of-Disclosure/234338"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">ancient
trope</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> of all Big Brothers in history <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1367877909348536"><span style="color: #0563c1;">surfaces
again</span></a>: “if you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to fear.”<span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span>
Right – East Germany’s Ministry of State Security was built entirely on that sound
principle. Similarly, China is less concerned with protecting citizens – and
indeed surveillance can be shown to have potential benefits to that end – than
it is with protecting the governing elite’s monopoly on power. Of course, human
assets are becoming rapidly superfluous with surveillance technology based on
pattern recognition, even though the computing power needed for gait
recognition is </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90263855/china-is-now-using-gait-recognition-to-identify-people"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">far
greater</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> that what is required for face
recognition, since it requires not one but a multitude of pictures to identify
an unmistakable pattern. But </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/watch-your-step-china-rolls-out-new-gait-recognition-surveillance-software-1203898"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">watertight
surveillance</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> is essential to China’s massive
experiment with ranking and monitoring citizens for purposes of </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/03/life-inside-chinas-social-credit-laboratory/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">social
credits and demerits</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"> </span></u></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(very much worth a
separate in-depth look – </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-34592186"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">another day</span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">). The other pillar,
of particular significance in China, is “</span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://gbtimes.com/chinese-trust-government-ranked-highest-world"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">trust your government</span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.” Well… If Western
societies that can freely elect and remove their governments </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2018/01/22/the-countries-that-trust-their-government-most-and-least-infographic/#38a6c7a4777a"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">cannot bring
themselves to trust them</span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, how trustworthy can be the Communist Party of China,
an unelected monopoly that cannot be removed from power by lawful means and
knows no term limits? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">The increasingly sophisticated
surveillance techniques have led human rights advocates to fear that Chinese
people have very little privacy left. Robots resembling </span></span></span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/content.php?id=448"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Star
Wars’ "R2-D2"</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> come equipped with
dozens of sensors and cameras as well as red glowing "ears" and can
identify individuals </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/chinese-gait-recognition-tech-ids-people-by-how-they-walk/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">within
a large crowd</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">. Specialized </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-42973456"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">police
goggles can scan passersby</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> and compare a person’s
profile directly with a large database of fugitive suspects.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">Of course, it is far from reasonable
or even justifiable to view </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528835-600-cameras-know-you-by-your-walk/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">gait
recognition</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> as a “Chinese issue” that raises
concern for individual liberties and human rights. The U.K., Japan, Israel and
the U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency have worked on gait recognition
software </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://apnews.com/bf75dd1c26c947b7826d270a16e2658a"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">since
more than a decade</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> and certainly </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187770581101842X"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">not
without results</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">, even if results have not been
commercialized as they were by Watrix. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Watrix software isolates an individual’s silhouette from video
footage and analyzes its movement. Then it creates a model of individual gait. At
this time, the algorithm is not capable of making positive identification of
individuals in real time yet. It requires uploading of footage for purposes of
analysis that can condense searching through an hour of surveillance footage to
about ten minutes. However, no special cameras are required and </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://apnews.com/bf75dd1c26c947b7826d270a16e2658a"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">footage from ordinary
CCTV</span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> surveillance cams suffices to produce 94% accuracy.<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Purported uses of </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~boyd/papers/biometric-summerschool.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">biometric recognition</span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> outside of social
control purposes to maintain social stability and to manage society include the
ability to spot people in distress, such as elderly individuals after a fall.
But the closer one looks at claims that this technology can make life safer and
more convenient, the more findings are reduced to fool-proof identification
that cannot be derailed by limping, walking with splayed feet or hunching over
because more extensive footage will invariably analyze all features of an
entire body beyond commonly perceived visual traits. It would appear that gait
is at least as unique to an individual as </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.asiatimes.com/2018/01/article/fingerprint-security-falls-foul-simple-tricks/"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">fingerprints</span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> or cornea patterns
but features fewer abilities to escape detection. It is clear that Big Brother
feeds on Big Data, and that the real danger lay in data preservation and
storage, a fact that far exceeds legitimate purposes of near-real-time safety
surveillance, such as monitoring a public space for elderly people after a
fall. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rewarding or punishing individuals for behavioral traits is hardly new
and hardly a Chinese discovery. The key distinction is between criminal law –
which, for good reason, has substantial barriers to system activation, such as
burden of proof and presumption of innocence – and merely non-criminal if
socially arguably less desirable choices. It is by that standard that China’s
social credit ranking is likely to descend into an Orwellian dynamic.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br clear="all" /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span lang="DE" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">[1]</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Daniel J. Solove, Nothing to Hide: The False Tradeoff
Between Privacy and Security (2011).</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-9700369247668634372019-06-01T00:30:00.000-04:002019-06-01T00:30:09.875-04:00No More Fat Shaming: Turning Breast Cancer Patients into Full Body Models Might Just Work<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE"><a href="https://biomedizin.unibas.ch/en/research/research-groups/christofori-lab/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Researchers</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> in the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.baselbc.org/memberDetail/gerhard-christofori"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Department
of Biomedicine</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> at the University of Basel,
Switzerland succeeded at </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/cp-bcc010919.php"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">converting
breast cancer cells into fat cells</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. During trials of a combination
therapy, the tumor cells were unable to form metastases in mice. Now it is hoped
that the method can be applied to human clinical studies. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tumor cells are </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://phys.org/news/2018-02-versatile-sensor-tumor-cells.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">extremely
versatile</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">: they turn into "nomads"
who leave the primary tumor and will migrate to other parts of the body on the
highway provided by circulation where they will then turn stationary and start
forming metastases. An important role in the conversion of stationary to mobile
cancer cells is played by a process that normally takes place in embryonic
development and facilitates the emergence of organs. This cellular program is called
</span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689101/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">epithelial
mesenchymal transition</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> or EMT and researchers
headed by </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://biomedizin.unibas.ch/en/persons/gerhard-m-christofori/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Gerhard
Christofori</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> utilized it to develop a novel
therapeutic approach. </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">EMT and the inverse process,
mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), are implicated in cancer's ability to
metastasize.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Relying on</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> two known active ingredients the
study published in </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/fulltext/S1535-6108(18)30573-7"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Cancer Cell</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> controlled the EMT program in
mice in such a way that metastasizing breast cancer cells ultimately turned
into fat cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Converted cells cannot
multiply and are barely distinguishable from ordinary fat cells. Above all,
they can no longer metastasize. </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cells undergoing EMT or
MET are in a highly changeable state, providing a window of opportunity for
therapeutic targeting.</span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Active ingredients used were </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosiglitazone"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">rosiglitazone</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">, a drug used used against type 2
diabetes, and </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trametinib"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">trametinib</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">, used to restrict the growth and spread of cancer
cells. In combination with conventional chemotherapy, these agents may be able
to suppress growth of the primary tumor and simultaneously the formation of
metastases: </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">forcing a critical mass of cancerous cells to
differentiate into fat cells could deplete a tumor's ability to </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/cp-bcc010919.php"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">fight
off conventional chemotherapy</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> Of course, this will have to be
tested by clinical studies in humans where, unfortunately, rosiglitazone has
showed apparent associations with </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23217404"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">increased risk</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> of heart attacks and death,
calling for a careful complex risk assessment that will largely center on the
duration requirements of combination therapy to secure against metastases.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-60458494176563398802019-05-26T21:39:00.000-04:002019-05-26T21:39:24.842-04:00Is l'embarras du choix Another Axiom of Choice in Neuroscience?<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Are supermarkets doing
their customers – and ultimately themselves – a favor by presenting dozens of
varieties of honey, pasta, shower gel and other products that are almost
indistinguishable from one another? And is it a good idea for a restaurant to
offer their guests a menu the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.caltech.edu/news/scientists-uncover-why-you-cant-decide-what-order-lunch-83881"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">size of a novel</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">? </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Not really,
according to the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/barry_schwartz_on_the_paradox_of_choice"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Paradox of Choice</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">, a theorem formulated in 2004 by American
psychologist Barry Schwartz.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Documents/Publishing/Blurbs/Spring%202019/Is%20l'embarras%20du%20choix%20Another%20Axiom%20of%20Choice.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></a> It
looks like </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/3qr2guu8ev0x993/More%20or%20Less%20-%20Mooyman%20&%20Visser.pdf?dl=0"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">limitation of choices</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> is needed to save us from
ourselves. These thoughts were further developed in Cass Sunstein and Richard
Thaler’s Nudge<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Documents/Publishing/Blurbs/Spring%202019/Is%20l'embarras%20du%20choix%20Another%20Axiom%20of%20Choice.docx" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></a>
theory about </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1583509"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">choice architectures</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> to be modified in light of human
agents’ </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/kahneman/files/maps_bounded_rationality_dk_2003.pdf"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">bounded rationality</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">This was confirmed
by a recent </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-018-0440-2.epdf"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Caltech study</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> and some of its precursors on the phenomenon of "choice overload,"
which happens when we are offered so many choices that they result in fatigue
and disinterest. The same effect was found in Tinder users who grew “</span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.inverse.com/article/49517-difficulty-choosing-neuroscience-brain-imaging"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">emotionally exhausted</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">” by “swiping left” after a
fairly short while. The impact of assortment size and variety on </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/3qr2guu8ev0x993/More%20or%20Less%20-%20Mooyman%20&%20Visser.pdf?dl=0"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">consumer satisfaction</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> has been studied from a variety
of angles.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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</span><div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">And </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://neuroscience.caltech.edu/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">neuroscience</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> shows that this effect
is not limited to trivial little things like a menu. Caltech behavioral
economist </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Camerer"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Colin Camerer</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> points to the example
of Sweden where, as part of a partial </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/social-security-smorgasbord-lessons-from-swedens-individual-pension-accounts/"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">privatization of the
social security system</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, people were offered a long list of
private funds to invest their savings in for retirement savings; there were a
few hundred funds overall. Absent a choice, investors were assigned to a </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-you-cant-decide-what-to-order-for-lunchor-which-funds-to-invest-in-2018-10-02"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">default fund.</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Initially, close to 70
percent of eligible citizens participated in this selection. Ten years later,
the rate had come down to one percent, which was not the program’s intention. But
it reflects a very common reflexive reaction to (however) hard choices: taking
the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/ruth_chang_how_to_make_hard_choices"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">“safe” option</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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</span><div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To see what happens to the brain during a selection process, Camerer and
his colleagues conducted an experiment. They had their subjects make decisions
while they were being observed by functional magnetic resonance imaging while
thinking – a method </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-researchers-pinpoint-brain-region-influences-gambling-decisions-1684"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">previously</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> used in “localizing”
brain activity involved in learning and choice. The scans revealed high
activity in two regions: in the striatum where rewards are assessed by the
researchers, and in the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">anterior cingulate cortex</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> where costs and
benefits are weighed against each other.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this specific case, subjects could choose between different themes
that would be printed on a personalized coffee cup for them. The selection
included either 6, 12 or 24 different themes. The experiment showed that sample
of 12 triggered the most intense brain activity.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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</span><div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Camerer’s interpretation of the results is that humans prefer a larger
selection - but beyond a certain ideal size, the factor of time expenditure
interferes. Apparently applying lessons from decreasing marginal utility, the
brain concludes that the best of 12 is already pretty good – the best of 24
would not amount to such a </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.caltech.edu/news/scientists-uncover-why-you-cant-decide-what-order-lunch-83881"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">big improvement</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> anymore that doubling
the effort would be worthwhile. The </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/archives/2012/01/kahneman_mental.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">nature of mental effort</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and the </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2489077?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">cost of thinking</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> are still poorly
understood. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The study demonstrates that 12 is </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/neuroscience/choice-overload-brain-06478.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">not a magic number</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> but a consequence of
the experimental setup. Still, Camerer believes that the order of magnitude is
reasonably close: somewhere between 8 and 15 choices lies the golden mean.
Individual factors would then determine what each individual case may look like.
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;">The fact that we are still
overwhelmed in the supermarket and elsewhere with an abundance of choices or
even want to be overwhelmed is because "</span></span></span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.caltech.edu/news/scientists-uncover-why-you-cant-decide-what-order-lunch-83881"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">our
eyes are bigger than our stomach</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">": We appreciate a
wide range of choices, at least at first glance, but only because, at this stage,
we do not calculate how much effort the selection process will costs us. What
this behavior can do has been shown in a previous study cited by the authors:
in one store, customers were offered a stand with either 24 or just six varieties
of marmalade for tasting. The table with the 24 varieties attracted
significantly more interested parties, but the cash register told a very different
story in the end: the probability that someone actually bought marmalade after
tasting was ten (!) times higher at the booth with only six varieties as at the
one with 24. It would be difficult to find more cogent arguments for </span><span lang="DE"><a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-power-of-limiting-choice_b_5212025"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">limitation
of choice</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" /><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Documents/Publishing/Blurbs/Spring%202019/Is%20l'embarras%20du%20choix%20Another%20Axiom%20of%20Choice.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span lang="DE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span lang="DE" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Barry Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice – Why More Is
Less (2004).</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Documents/Publishing/Blurbs/Spring%202019/Is%20l'embarras%20du%20choix%20Another%20Axiom%20of%20Choice.docx" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span lang="DE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span lang="DE" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Richard Thaler & Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge:
Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth and Happiness (2008).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-45077924381819887172019-04-01T00:30:00.000-04:002019-04-01T00:30:07.364-04:00Elementary, Watson<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Theoretically,
the perfect crime could be committed. But every mistake leaves a trace. The
problem with most crimes is that they are not perfectly planned, if at all, and
that too many interpersonal relationships hover in the background. Criminals
often leave traces because they are stressed or get surprised. Besides, rarely
will crimes be resolved based on </span><a href="http://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/understanding-trace-evidence.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">physical
traces</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> only. Questioning, review of bank accounts or e-mails, as
well as apparently random discoveries also play an important role. This <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ex post facto</i> combination of at first
seemingly unrelated information turns increasingly into a Big Data task of
recognizing and relating patterns that resolve crimes. The perfect crime remains
possible in theory, but, procedural failings of investigation and trial aside, becomes
increasingly difficult to commit. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We all leave a lot of traces all the time
that stem from virtually every activity we undertake. We shed DNA in an amazing
variety of forms. Just one such example is “</span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-touch-dna-jonbenet-ramsey/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">touch
DNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u>” left when we touch a surface such as a table, similarly to fingerprints
left on surfaces we touch without gloves. Both DNA and fingerprints are often found
at crime scenes. They can identify and place an individual and are usually
considered part of the </span><a href="https://law.hofstra.edu/pdf/academics/journals/lawreview/lrv_issues_v34n01_bb1.ideas-essays.difonzo.final.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">gold
standard of evidence</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. But there are also other traces, such as </span><a href="https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/about-us/lab/forensic-science-communications/fsc/july2009/review/2009_07_review02.htm"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">footwear
impression evidence</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. While they usually lead to a shoe rather than
to an individual, they are especially important in serial crimes such as
burglaries: burglars often wear the very same shoes to different crime scenes,
which allows investigators to make critical connections between cases. A less
well-known type of evidence is </span><a href="https://www.leica-microsystems.com/science-lab/tag/tags/fiber-traces/show/Tag/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">fiber
traces</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, stemming from fibers that are transferred through contact
between fabrics. They allow conclusions to be drawn about the presence of an
individual in a room. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of course, among the challenges that
remain is figuring out what traces are relevant to solving a case.<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another question is how perpetrators blur their traces. They do this
primarily by trying not to leave any. Shoe and finger marks, </span><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/hair-elements-distinguish-ethnicity-and-gender/7360.article"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hair</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,
clothing fibers, voice or surveillance camera records and DNA are typically left
at the crime scene by any individual that had contact with the room in the
first place. It is theoretically possible not leave such traces if a person wears
gloves, a jumpsuit or, rather, a full-body suit donned without leaving external
DNA and fingerprints. Still, such an individual’s behavior would have to be timed
very professionally so as not to leave any traces at all. Even very careful
people often overlook trifles: wearing a glove eliminates the risk of touch DNA
but touching one’s face with the glove and then some object in the room still
leaves that individual’s DNA traces behind. So, if traces exist, technologically
savvy criminals seek to clean them up. Such cleanup attempts are often fruitless
because by now, scientific methods exist to visualize concealed traces. Furthermore,
most crimes are neither calculated nor planned but occur out of a poorly
controlled impulse. Mistakes happen easily. Each of them leaves a trail.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Even
“removed” traces can be made visible again, somewhat depending on
circumstances. As an example: blood on a red carpet is not easily noticed at
first sight because of poor contrast. But </span><a href="http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/print/alternatelightsources-print.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">different
light sources</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> with </span><a href="http://www.horiba.com/fileadmin/uploads/Scientific/Documents/Forensics/fls.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">different
wavelengths</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> can be used to illuminate the rug from different angles.
Blue light, white light, UV light and infrared light are often used to
highlight easily overlooked traces. If blood has dried, it absorbs blue light
and appears very dark, at best it is darker than the surface it is on. Where
light tools are not enough, chemicals may be brought in. As far as traces of
blood are concerned, </span><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/luminol/7272.article"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Luminol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
is a well-known chemical that, when sprayed on potential blood stains, reacts
with blood hemoglobin so that luminescence becomes visible: after treatment
with luminol, blood traces shine bright blue. In principle, of course, </span><a href="http://forensics.org.my/img/Article%2004.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">forensics
first uses optical methods</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> which do not alter the chemistry of the trace.
Only in a second or further round, chemicals are resorted to.</span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Except
for identical twins, DNA is different from person to person. It exists in every
cell of the human body. Everything we touch, and every bodily fluid we emit,
such as blood, semen, sweat, contains our DNA. It enables individual
identification of a specific person. This is why DNA evidence is often
considered the safest avenue and why it enjoys a reputation superior to
virtually every other type of evidence. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But </span><a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/misleading-dna-evidence/gill/978-0-12-417214-2"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DNA
can also mislead</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> an investigation. One needs to be careful in assessing
the significance of traces. DNA can lead to a particular person, but it </span><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328475-000-how-dna-contamination-can-affect-court-cases/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">does
not automatically mean</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> that the individual whose DNA ended up at a
place of interest is the perpetrator of a crime. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Speaking
of DNA as a key to Pandora’s box, the mere availability of answers may not
always render it wise to ask the question. One feels reminded of Jack
Nicholson’s immortal dictum in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Few Good
Men:</i> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FnO3igOkOk"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">”You want the truth? You
can’t handle the truth!”</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Especially when it comes to questions of
legitimacy, DNA evidence raised questions about the descent of the </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/25/richard-iii-dna-tests-uncover-evidence-of-further-royal-scandal"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">House
of Plantagenet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> but, multiple-edged sword that it is, appears to have
raised </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/25/richard-iii-dna-tests-uncover-evidence-of-further-royal-scandal"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">no
fewer questions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> about the </span><a href="http://www.newsweek.com/was-queen-victoria-bastard-184648"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">House of
Windsor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> that has long been </span><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3267859/Queen-demands-DNA-test-court-settle-dispute-330-year-old-baronet-title-ruling-mean-Utah-Mormon-king.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">beleaguered</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
by compelling genetic arguments disputing the descent of Queen Victoria from </span><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/edward_augustus_5E.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prince Edward,
Duke of Kent and Strathearn</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, holding that </span><a href="http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/haemophilia.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hemophilia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
suddenly appeared in Victoria’s descendants but did not exist in the royal
family before, while </span><a href="http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/hanover_15.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">porphyria</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
was prevalent in the family before Victoria (such as in George III) but never
afterwards.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Documents/Publishing/Blurbs/Spring%202019/Elementary,%20Watson%20ver%205.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Of course, the mere thought of DNA evidence conveying residency at Buckingham
Palace from Elizabeth II to a character like </span><a href="http://www.newsweek.com/was-queen-victoria-bastard-184648"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ernst August
of Hanover</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> would likely terminate popular acceptance of
legitimacy-based monarchy in Britain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another frequently encountered challenge is the determination of the </span><a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2015/08/who-what-when-determining-age-fingerprints"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">age
of fingerprints</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Fingerprints consist mainly of water and lipids
such as cholesterol. To identify a person based on fingerprints, the papillary
lines we see on fingertips that form a fingerprint need to be analyzed very precisely:
where do two lines cross, where does a line end? These details serve to compare
a trace with evidence in databases. But we can also analyze a </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12136987"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">fingerprint’s
chemical composition</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. In that process, we learn which substances are
present and in what quantity. These substances change with time, and from this
change one can deduce hypotheses about the </span><a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/researchers-discover-how-to-tell-the-age-of-a-fingerprint/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">age
of a fingerprint</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Current research examines how </span><a href="http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1325&context=jfs"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">collaboration
and communication</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> between different actors in the criminal justice system
such as expert witnesses, crime scene investigators, detectives, prosecutors
and judges works, especially regarding DNA, fingerprints and handwriting. Communication
between them is important to enable interpretation of information obtained from
traces that have been secured. DNA and fingerprints have a strong reputation. Handwriting,
however, has come to be considered rather unreliable evidence. This is so in
part because handwriting analysis is frequently confused with graphology. </span><a href="http://www.britishgraphology.org/about-british-institute-of-graphologists/what-is-graphology/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Graphology</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
intends to explore the writer’s character from his handwriting, but it is not
based on scientific principles. </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/us/prosecutors-hope-new-study-of-handwriting-analysis-will-silence-skeptics.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Handwriting
analysis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, on the other hand, compares the handwriting </span><a href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?&article=7478&context=penn_law_review"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">in
several documents</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> to determine whether they were written by the same
individual. This process results in a probability statement that can </span><a href="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/forensics/The_Future_State_of_Handwriting_Examinations.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">appear
unreliable</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> because the public generally expects an analysis of
evidence to provide close to 100 percent reliability of results. Therefore, it
is often and conveniently forgotten that there is no such thing as any analysis
with 100 percent reliability. Even </span><a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/41b7/4bcc99a245726f7a2bc67ab3a04606dc1d7c.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DNA
testing is based on mere probability statements</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">Handwriting analysis is not the only salient
aspect of a written piece. Formation of sentences is no less important. Analysis
starts with sheet design. For example, handwriting experts pay attention to
where an individual starts to write on a sheet of paper, what the top margin
and side margins are, what line spacing is used, whether the entire sheet is
used, and other similar factors.</span><span style="color: black;"> It is true
that h</span><span style="background: white;">andwriting appears to lose
significance in a digitized world, but it maintains an important application in
the analysis of <a href="https://www.forensicdocument.com.au/services/handwriting-signature-examination"><span style="color: #0563c1;">authenticity
of holographic wills</span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">Scope and methods of forensic analysis have changed
greatly over recent years as technology has taken on far greater importance.
Developments in photography, computer science, robotics or analytical chemistry
simplified many processes. DNA analysis has revolutionized forensics and police
investigations at the end of the 20th century and forensic applications of technology
will continue to evolve. But while technology development is an important focus,
evaluation and significance of analytic results needs to remain the principal focus
of every investigation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">The educational relationship between forensic
science and police investigation is in flux as well. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118724248.ch25"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Switzerland</span></a>
has its own forensic study program at the <a href="http://enfsi.eu/member/school-of-forensic-science-lausanne-switzerland/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">University
of Lausanne</span></a>. It conducts international research in forensics and
offers an academic education where students deal with chemistry, mathematics,
physics, and securing and evaluation of evidence. Graduates are qualified as
"general practitioners of forensics." Forensics is a composite science
that supports police investigations. Most <a href="https://www.masterstudies.com/MSc/Forensic-Science/Europe/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">European universities</span></a>
do not offer comparable training. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118724248.ch25"><span style="color: #0563c1;">In the
U.S.</span></a><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u> forensics is also confined to second- and third-tier colleges.
This correlates somewhat with the low priority accorded to <a href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?&article=1652&context=mlr"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Evidence</span></a>
in the curriculum of leading American as well as European law schools – and
even in bar exams – very likely because the field itself does not lend itself
terribly much to academic theorizing but is extremely important <a href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?&article=2886&context=journal_articles"><span style="color: #0563c1;">in
practice</span></a>. Yet it is an indispensable sequitur from <a href="http://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/vol130_Cheng.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">burden
of proof</span></a>. Crime scene work and forensics are police tasks, so research
in this area is mainly police driven, and crime lab staff is notoriously <a href="https://law.hofstra.edu/pdf/academics/journals/lawreview/lrv_issues_v34n01_bb1.ideas-essays.difonzo.final.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">overworked
and underpaid.</span></a> It would be beneficial if forensics could be
established more broadly as a scientific discipline. One area where forensics
is a firmly established subject of analysis or scholarship only marginally
related to the physical sciences is <a href="http://valuationforensics.com/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">forensic accounting and valuation</span></a>,
a function on which I plan to reflect<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in
a different post at a later time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #111111; line-height: 107%;">Another 21<span style="font-size: small;"><sup>st</sup> century facet is emerging with vast speed: </span></span><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_evidence"><span style="color: #0563c1;">digital evidence</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; line-height: 107%;"> and </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_forensics"><span style="color: #0563c1;">digital
forensics</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; line-height: 107%;">. As is the
case with other types of evidence, courts make no presumption that digital
evidence is reliable without some evidence of empirical testing in relation to
the theories and techniques associated with its production. The issue of
reliability means that courts pay close attention to the manner in which
electronic evidence has been obtained and in particular to the process in which
the </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_data_capture"><span style="color: #0563c1;">data was captured
and stored.</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; line-height: 107%;"> Earlier
process models have tended to focus on one particular area of digital forensic
practice, such as law enforcement, and have not incorporated a formal
description. The more recent</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1017.1431&rep=rep1&type=pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">
Advanced Data Acquisition Model</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; line-height: 107%;"> contends that this approach has prevented the establishment of
generally-accepted standards and processes that are urgently needed in the
domain of digital forensics. It represents a generic process model as a step
towards developing such a generally-accepted standard for a fundamental digital
forensic activity – the </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_forensic_process"><span style="color: #0563c1;">acquisition of
digital evidence</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; line-height: 107%;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #111111; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Documents/Publishing/Blurbs/Spring%202019/Elementary,%20Watson%20ver%205.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">A.
N. Wilson, The Victorians</span> 25 (2002).</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
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Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-30055392784594686832019-03-01T00:30:00.000-05:002019-03-01T00:30:04.058-05:00Dunning-Kruger: Cognitive Bias, Illusory Superiority and the Knowledge Illusion
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.77.6.1121"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Dunning
Kruger Effect</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> is a psychological phenomenon first identified in a
1999 study by U.S. psychologists </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dunning"><span style="color: #0563c1;">David Dunning</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, then of Cornell, and </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Kruger"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Justin Kruger</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> of University of
Illinois who discovered that people with relatively low ability and levels of
knowledge tend to systematically overestimate their own abilities. The
competence of other people is, by contrast, always underestimated. It basically
describes “</span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123855220000056"><span style="color: #0563c1;">ignorance
about ignorance</span></a><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">” a very wide-spread human characteristic.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After all, </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOLmD_WVY-E"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Danning</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and Kruger’s study earned
them the satirical </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2000"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Ig Nobel Prize
in 2000</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> – an award given for research that makes people
laugh, then think – and the effect named after them had at least a career in
popular psychology. However, </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Dunning-Kruger</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> has also been used in
connection with climate change deniers who, due to a particular cognitive
defect regarding scientific evidence, would rather </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-combat-distrust-of-science/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">distrust
all data on global warming</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now, in a survey of
2,500 Europeans and U.S. citizens, researchers led by </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.philipfernbach.com/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Philip Fernbach</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (</span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.colorado.edu/business/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Leeds School of Business</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> at the University of
Colorado, Boulder) encountered this phenomenon again, this time in connection
with green genetic engineering. For their study </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-018-0520-3.epdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">in Nature Human
Behavior</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, psychologists and marketing researchers first
ascertained how well the subjects rated their own knowledge on the subject. In
the second part, they then tested knowledge in genetics to determine how much
their test persons did, in fact, know.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In addition, study
participants were asked about their attitude to </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/genetically_modified_organism.htm"><span style="color: #0563c1;">genetically
modified organisms.</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Although there is widespread consensus among
researchers that genetically modified food is safe for human consumption and
theoretically even has potential to provide some health benefits, over </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190114114221.htm"><span style="color: #0563c1;">90
percent</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> of respondents rejected </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TmcXYp8xu4"><span style="color: #0563c1;">genetically modified food</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. This has long turned
into a </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.mpg.de/7023230/W001_Viewpoint_012-016.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">cultural war</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But that was not the most important result of the
study. That honor belongs to a paradoxical nexus: those who are particularly opposed
to genetically modified food also said that they knew a lot about the subject. At
the same time, they performed worst on knowledge tests about genetics in
particular and science in general – a poster version of the Dunning-Kruger
effect: the </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.philipfernbach.com/the-knowledge-illusion/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">knowledge
illusion</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, or </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOLmD_WVY-E"><span style="color: #0563c1;">illusory superiority</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the words of first author </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190114114221.htm"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Philip
Fernbach</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, "Extreme views often stem from people who feel
they understand complex topics better than they do." One possible self-reinforcing
consequence of the phenomenon is that those with the least knowledge of
important scientific subjects will most likely <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">remain</i> ignorant – simply because they are “knowledge-resistant,” not
open to new knowledge. And, of course, they will not look it up because they
think they already know everything in the first place.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">So the key question is how to make people
"appreciate what they do not know," as study co-author </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.colorado.edu/today/2019/01/11/genetically-modified-food-opponents-know-less-they-think-research-finds"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Nicholas
Light</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> says. But that also means rethinking previous </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/dunning-kruger-and-gmo-opposition/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">approaches
to science communication</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Mere information and an appeal to
trust science and its kind of cognitive production will no longer reach this
group of </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/28315/1/wp040037.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">radical
opponents of genetic engineering</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">The study’s authors
also looked at other topics such as </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://www.colorado.edu/today/2019/01/11/genetically-modified-food-opponents-know-less-they-think-research-finds"><span style="color: #0563c1;">gene
therapy and climate change</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">. While the attitude towards gene therapy and knowledge about it show very
similar patterns to </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2015/01/13/embracing-the-potential-and-facing-the-fears-of-radical-advances-in-genetic-engineering/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">genetic
engineering</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">, the findings about
climate change deniers differed: remarkably, unlike in the study about
genetics, the Dunning-Kruger effect does not seem to apply there. Rather,
political polarization and group membership appears to shape people's attitude
to climate change considerably more than knowledge (or lack thereof). Just like
science itself is busy seeking to build </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90188094/scientists-are-speeding-up-evolution-to-build-climate-change-resistance"><span style="color: #0563c1;">resistance
to climate change</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">, human nature, in its political incarnation, may be inclined to favor </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1671&context=faculty_publications"><span style="color: #0563c1;">resistance
to science</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">.<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-83684195962945745072019-02-11T00:42:00.000-05:002019-02-11T00:42:05.687-05:00IT‘s Coming Power Famine<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivona_Brandi%C4%87"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ivona Brandić</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, one of the younger members of a national </span><a href="https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/m/brandic-ivona/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Academy
of Sciences</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> anywhere (yes, there is an old felony on the books, “</span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2017/01/30/young-girls-dont-think-women-can-be-brilliant-and-it-may-be-keeping-them-out-of-stem-fields/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">brilliant
while female</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u>” it goes back to </span><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/hypatia-ancient-alexandrias-great-female-scholar-10942888/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hypatia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
and probably long before her) recently </span><a href="https://derstandard.at/2000095594142/Warum-wir-uns-vor-Killerrobotern-nicht-fuerchten-muessen"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">debunked
a myth</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> carefully nourished by media priorities – a fundamentally
luddite </span><a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/14/how-frightened-should-we-be-of-ai"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">phobia
of AI</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> despite far more pressing worries concerning the energy supply
fueling IT as it enters the age of </span><a href="http://www.allgodswereimmortal.com/search?q=Big+Data"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Big Data</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">:
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><a href="http://www.ec.tuwien.ac.at/~ivona/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Brandić</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>points out that nary a day goes by without tales
of new horror scenarios about breakthroughs in artificial intelligence AI that describe
risks of </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="http://theconversation.com/worried-about-ai-taking-over-the-world-you-may-be-making-some-rather-unscientific-assumptions-103561"><span style="color: #0563c1;">AI
taking over</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> and
making us all </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://becominghuman.ai/blockchains-the-ai-that-will-take-over-the-world-has-already-been-born-73041e759c8"><span style="color: #0563c1;">redundant</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, of </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/artificial-intelligence-and-future-warfare?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI1ouFyvfq3wIVDeJ3Ch0eFgOxEAAYASAAEgK9svD_BwE"><span style="color: #0563c1;">autonomous
killer robots</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">,
or </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/diagnostics/stanfords-ai-predicts-death-for-better-end-of-life-care"><span style="color: #0563c1;">medical
systems</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> making
independent decisions capable of extinguishing life. It will probably not come to
all that because long before we develop killer robots, will we probably run out
of global power supply. Few scientists and </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/07/09/why-bitcoin-uses-so-much-energy"><span style="color: #0563c1;">bitcoin
miners</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> aside, it
is still poorly understood why the increasing power consumption of IT can
become a real problem. Society at large became aware of an issue with
power-hungry IT only when early adopters realized that profit and loss did not
depend solely on the price of cryptocurrencies but also on the price of
electricity and the global computing power of mining, all determinants of the ‘reward’,
which is the number of crypto units. </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Bitcoin</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> activities consume as much </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://qz.com/1364657/bitcoins-energy-consumption-isnt-as-bad-as-you-think/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">energy</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> as Singapore or Iraq.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">The history of information
processing had several inflection points, such as the invention of the desktop
computer or the smartphone. They had one thing in common: enormous increase in
energy consumption. The biggest such event, </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.cio.com/article/3211428/digital-transformation/what-is-digital-transformation-a-necessary-disruption.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">digital
transformation</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">,
is yet to arrive.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Just Google alone consumes as much power as </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://sf.curbed.com/2016/12/7/13875996/google-san-francisco-electricity-power"><span style="color: #0563c1;">San
Francisco</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">. There are
currently about 8.4 million </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/500458/worldwide-datacenter-and-it-sites/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">data
centers worldwide</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> that consume about </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2017/12/15/why-energy-is-a-big-and-rapidly-growing-problem-for-data-centers/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">416
terawatts a year</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">, as much electricity as nearly 30 nuclear power plants are able to
generate, with exponentially rising tendency. </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/cloud/research-there-are-now-close-400-hyper-scale-data-centers-world"><span style="color: #0563c1;">400
of them</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> are hyper-scale. Several
hundred wind turbines are needed to replace a single nuclear power plant (one
nuclear power plant in Germany produces the equivalent of </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2016/03/21/the-little-reactor-that-could-germanys-grohnde-nuclear-plant/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">3,000</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> wind turbines), none of which is
easy to build in many areas for </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://www.economist.com/international/2010/08/19/not-on-my-beach-please"><span style="color: #0563c1;">political
reasons</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">. Even a coal plant
takes </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="http://wbckfm.com/how-many-wind-turbines-does-it-take-to-replace-a-coal-plant/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">600</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> wind turbines to replace. Green
power generation is limited because it is </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/barriers-to-renewable-energy#.XDta8lxKiUk"><span style="color: #0563c1;">restricted</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inter alia,</i> by geographic and natural resources. As a result of
increasing digitization, soon every light bulb, every shopping cart, every
jacket, every item around us will be or contain a computer in its own right
that continually produces data that needs to be processed and stored. So, in
the near future, the IT sector will become one of the largest </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=2755977"><span style="color: #0563c1;">consumers of electricity</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> globally. There is a rather
substantial risk that societies will reach for quick solutions such as new
nuclear power plants as IT’s energy consumption suddenly rises dramatically. The
other risk is that one will resort to radical measures to reduce or limit access
to IT, with devastating </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><a href="https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/news/Konsbruck.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">social consequences</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Data increasingly needs to be processed where
it is generated: at the first possible data processing point in the network. If
four autonomous self-driving cars are about to cross an intersection without
traffic lights in </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Birmingham, AL</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, then the server processing the
data cannot be in </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Atlanta</span></a><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> because decisions must be made
by autonomous cars in small fractions of a second. If the server is in Atlanta,
then the </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2228/latency"><span style="color: #0563c1;">latency</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, or response time, is just too
great. This will not change much in the near future regardless of 5G, 6G or
other technologies, simply because physics will not cooperate. For these four
cars and their passengers to remain unharmed, data needs to be processed in their
immediate vicinity. Now, it is true that data is increasingly not just
transported but also processed by the internet infrastructure, for example through
routers or switches. But because these are not powerful enough, new </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.datacenterjournal.com/data-edge-future-small-data-centers/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">small</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> data centers, so-called "</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">edge
data centers</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">",
are being built in the immediate vicinity of data producers. But building an
edge infrastructure along the highway, in the city and in other urban areas is
very expensive, inefficient, and can rarely be resolved with </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://datacenterfrontier.com/can-data-centers-boost-renewable-power-and-energy-storage/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">green
energy</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The classic approach to this problem
would be to outsource data processing to large data centers (for example, to clouds).
Such data centers can be built wherever there is cheap and green power, and
above all, where there is plenty of space. Currently, many companies are
building so-called "high-latitude" data centers beyond the sixtieth parallel
north (Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia and Northern Russia) because servers can be
cooled there easily and cheaply. Cooling often amounts to nearly </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217306331"><span style="color: #0563c1;">40 percent</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> of a data center’s
total power consumption. Still, these large, optimized and efficient green-lawned
data centers help us very little with the four self-driving cars at the crossing
in downtown Birmingham. That is why building data centers increasingly requires
imagination. To reduce cooling cost, </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/microsoft/why-microsoft-thinks-underwater-data-centers-may-cost-less"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Microsoft
builds data centers under water</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> for several reasons: half the
world's population lives in coastal regions and most data cables are already submerged,
which provides for short latency periods in addition to low cooling cost. Alas,
Birmingham, like the rest of the world, is far from the sixtieth parallel, with
neither a seashore nor a lake in sight where a data center could be buried. The
big question is thus whether further technological breakthroughs will be needed
to regain control of IT’s voracious power consumption. The obvious answer is in
the affirmative.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first approach to dealing with
increasing power consumption will be to use completely new, super-efficient
computational architectures. Quantum computers </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/the-need-promise-and-reality-of-quantum-computing-4264ce15c6c0"><span style="color: #0563c1;">promise</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> extreme computational
efficiency at a fraction of classic computers’ energy consumption. But quantum
computers are primarily suitable only for </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610250/serious-quantum-computers-are-finally-here-what-are-we-going-to-do-with-them/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">highly
specific tasks</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, say, in the financial sector, for simulations, or in
life sciences. Predicting developments in quantum computing research in the
near future remains a challenge but it is unlikely that autonomous cars can be
equipped with quantum computers in the medium term. It also still seems unlikely
that a quantum computer could be used for real-time evaluation of camera
imaging right there on the highway. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Another approach is to store power across
time and space, which is currently not possible with conventional technology. But
</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-18/hydrogen-power-pilot-concept-gladstone-refinery/10003812"><span style="color: #0563c1;">hydrogen
power plants</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
can achieve precisely that. If, political risk aside, huge </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/massive-solar-and-wind-farms-could-bring-vegetation-back-to-the-sahara-102745"><span style="color: #0563c1;">solar
panel farms</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> could
be built in the Sahara and other deserts, we could generate enormous quantities
of electricity, albeit in unpopulated areas devoid of power consumers. However,
that power could be used to generate hydrogen which may be transported in
containers or pipelines to areas of high demand for power and where hydrogen
power plants could be operated. Unfortunately, recent studies show that this
intermediary step of producing and transporting hydrogen involves an enormously
large </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/hydrogen-use-doesn-t-emit-carbon-its-production-often-does-could-soon-change.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">carbon
footprint</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> of
its own. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The</span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> future will likely
bring a </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.sigarch.org/hybrid-quantum-classical-computing/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">hybrid</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> that combines classic
and quantum computers, conventional and hydrogen power plants. But we will
largely have to make do with classic computers and classic power generation
throughout much of the digital transformation. Two assets can be relied upon to
achieve that: one is a well-developed </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-Telecom-Infrastructure-technology"><span style="color: #0563c1;">telecommunications
infrastructure</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> that will be expanded further, and a well-developed </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/economics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/internet-infrastructure"><span style="color: #0563c1;">internet
infrastructure</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Their symbiosis requires </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Nicolas.Nisse/talks/opodis2013-aguilera-geodistributed-storage.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">distributing
applications</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> across data centers ensuring that as little power as
possible is consumed and that user satisfaction is maintained. This relies on
the </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.05283.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">spatio-temporal
conditions</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> of each edge or cloud data center. </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://drakkar.imag.fr/IMG/pdf/ICTMobileSummit_Paper_ref_167_doc_1025.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Geo-mobility
of users</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and the ability to create </span><span style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/bigtable/docs/app-profiles"><span style="color: #0563c1;">application profiles</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> will also play an
important role.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Unfortunately, behavior surrounding
</span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/24f1/4e3b30012c2bc7e3abbdb16e2b3365d6f920.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">data-intensive
applications</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> can
be predicted only very poorly, because data values may extend across </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/120/PropertiesofRelations.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">infinite
domains</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">.
Statistical procedures promise important remedies. But increasing mobility of
users, devices and ultimately of all infrastructure create new challenges for </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.682.1717&rep=rep1&type=pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">economically
optimized workload distribution</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, requiring a </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-system-approach-principle-81413.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">systems
approach</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, a virtual
version of </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OperationsResearch.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">operations research</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> analytics to result in substantially
improved decisions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-30787365223183468872019-01-01T01:30:00.000-05:002019-01-01T01:30:03.005-05:00Robot Psychology – An Emerging Legal and Medical Field?<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">While, for the time being, there
are </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/02/07/i-robopsychologist-part-1-why-robots-need-psychologists/#.XCJUU1xKiUl"><span style="color: #0563c1;">no
robots on any couches</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> talking to
people about their traumata, concern arises about the well-being of their human
interaction partners, as people and robots experience artificial intelligence
differently. This perception differential raises a question how it should
affect robot design to </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-movies-can-help-robots-and-people-get-along-1489372002"><span style="color: #0563c1;">increase
acceptance</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> by humans amid
fears of domination by technology. As these things go, it is always helpful to
start with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">argumentum e contrario<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Documents/Publishing/Blurbs/Spring%202019/Robot%20Psychology%20v2.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 106%;">[1]</span></b></span></a></i>
and figure out how <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> to use robots so
that they are not perceived as a threat but may be safely experienced as an
enrichment. This presupposes research on optimal interfaces between man and
machine to facilitate their </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/81e9/a05d1c57274d806ef04c544d13e5eee860cc.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">coexistence</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, starting with classical usability research to make user
interfaces intuitive, but quickly progressing to social fears of certain uses
of robots, the role of a user’s personality, and a subjective sense of security
in communication that involves, say, autonomous vehicles and pedestrians. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">In 1970, Japanese roboticist </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Masahiro Mori</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> coined the term </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/the-uncanny-valley"><span style="color: #0563c1;">“uncanny
valley”</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> for a graph that shows the nexus
between a robot’s human-like qualities and the </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260298491_Emotions_in_Robot_Psychology"><span style="color: #0563c1;">emotional
reaction</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> to it by humans. While a robot may
have head and eyes, it remains essential for acceptance that it be clearly </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://wp.unil.ch/discoverunil/2016/03/people-readily-accept-robots-clear-not-human/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">distinguishable
as a machine</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">. Once silicone
skin and artificial hair further obfuscate distinction, robots are perceived almost
universally as sinister. </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027715300755"><span style="color: #0563c1;">New
studies</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> indicate that the same might be
true of disembodied AI, suggesting an “uncanny valley of the mind” whenever
online chatbots adopt human-like behavior by simulating emotionality or by making
independent decisions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Over time, people do get used to
humanoid robots through habituation effects. Exploring those effects would
require long-term studies which have clearly not had occasion to be carried
out. But the fundamental question arises whether humans generally </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www2.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/~arras/papers/arrasTR05.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">want
to work and live together</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> with
humanoid robots. Thus far, polls show attitudes of major rejection the more the
impression is solidified that robot and people become gradually </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.axios.com/robot-designers-bots-humans-52ae200c-d0ff-4e64-9452-3305227871e4.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">less
distinguishable</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">. This apparent
similarity tends to cause heavy and permanent insecurities on the part of
humans as it confuses their expectations. While the perceived risk is still far
from a contemporary reality, the problem is far more immediate for software bots
that already communicate with people online and simulate interaction. Research areas
increasingly identified as </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.macdorman.com/kfm/writings/pubs/MacDorman2006AndroidScience.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">android
science</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> and </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://affect.media.mit.edu/pdfs/95.picard.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">affective computing</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> expect technologies that surround us to </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609071/we-need-computers-with-empathy/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">become
emotion-aware</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> over the
course of the next five years, creating a vision of </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/Sloman.picard.review.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">artificial
emotional intelligence.</span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Current autonomous machines have
not to date assumed a human form. Thinking of the example of driverless
vehicles, fear of losing control to networked technology could also take hold
of pedestrians, so it may be helpful for an autonomous machine to communicate
with its surroundings and to make highly transparent what steps the machine
will take next. <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Does it increase the safety of people
crossing the trajectory of an autonomous vehicle to be told by the robot that it
saw them? Traditionally, we make eye contact with a human driver in such situations.
Exploring if and how this can be translated into technology may hold promise
for increasing not only safety but also efficiency of human-robot interactions.
In one example, </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4e8c/808abe5a2f841472443d7ff3991d2bd79ed9.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">light
signals</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> increased predictability of a
vehicle’s actions. Pedestrians became significantly faster and moved more
confidently. Most effective were visual signals perceived only peripherally,
but still increasing a human’s sense of security, for example by mounting on the
car’s grille lights targeting signals in the direction of the pedestrian. Possibilities
to convey signals will evolve, but they also involve a risk of sensory or
information overload. Perhaps in a decade or two, car bodies will serve as
large displays, but this in turn increases the complexity of visual information
processing required of pedestrians. <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Predictability is equally important
in industrial robotics. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, too,
machines need to be able to signal to humans who need to anticipate, for
example, as early as possible the spot and access path where a robot may wish
to reach. Machine movement must not simply take the shortest distance from A to
B if </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289223482_Smooth_trajectory_planning_along_Bezier_curve_for_mobile_robots_with_velocity_constraints"><span style="color: #0563c1;">curved</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> movements could indicate intentions early. What may be
inefficient from a technical viewpoint may considerably increase predictability
and workplace safety, improving legibility of robot movements and accelerating
performance of overall team of man and machine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">As for the cultural acceptance of
robotics, research data is not clear. Some studies suggest that people in Japan
are more open to </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/01/japanese-firm-to-open-worlds-first-robot-run-farm"><span style="color: #0563c1;">autonomously
acting machines</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> – in part also
to ease the country’s </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/13/9521453/skycatch-komatsu-drones-construction-autonomous-vehicles"><span style="color: #0563c1;">labor
shortage</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> – while others see no difference
or even show the opposite result. Explanations for favorable findings may be
routed in the religious tradition of animism and Shinto with their concepts of
a soulful object, while no such thought exists in the Judeo-Christian
tradition. Media socialization is also frequently mentioned to explain
acceptance of autonomous machines. In popular </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-doublespaced.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">anime
and manga</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, robots are cooperation
partners or even act as saviors of humanity. This is in stark contrast to the
Western vision of a "</span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088247/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Terminator</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">" that puts an end to humanity. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Most developers of robotics are
men. They also impose their male perspective on technology. In fact, the entire
tech industry is dominated by </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://qz.com/940660/tech-is-overwhelmingly-male-and-men-are-just-fine-with-that/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">younger
white males</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">. It is
difficult to investigate which distortions or biases this creates. As an
example, a video circulated widely on </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4800234/Is-soap-dispenser-RACIST.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">social
media</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> showed a </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://gizmodo.com/why-cant-this-soap-dispenser-identify-dark-skin-1797931773"><span style="color: #0563c1;">black
man</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> who could not seem to manage to get
soap out of a soap dispenser. Only when he held a white sheet of paper under
the dispenser, the soap came out. This illustrates what can go wrong if development
teams are not diverse enough. As another example, service robots are typically designed
with </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://hci.cs.umanitoba.ca/assets/publication_files/wang_yan.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">traditional
female stereotypes</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> in mind,
including a cleaning robot with a </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311547513_Robots_and_Gender"><span style="color: #0563c1;">female
figure </span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">and an apron, at least in part
realizing a </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoid"><span style="color: #0563c1;">gynoid</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> fantasy. There is ample evidence that robots adopt </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/aug/08/rise-of-the-racist-robots-how-ai-is-learning-all-our-worst-impulses"><span style="color: #0563c1;">prejudices
and stereotypes</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> from their
creators since, at the present stage, AI is above all machine learning.
Programs process man-made content data and draw their conclusions by </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/singular-perspective/201801/see-the-world-through-patterns"><span style="color: #0563c1;">pattern
intelligence</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">. Therefore, it
is not reasonable to expect </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://philpapers.org/archive/GARVNA.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">value-neutral
results</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, even if this is intuitively
expected or presumed. Studies show that machine learning systems adopt gender
stereotypes and show females as close to their families while males are viewed
as more career-oriented. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Popular culture has further shaped
technological spins and biases through sci-fi books and movies that cause
people to overestimate the state of technology. Many promptly associate with
the term “robot” the anthropomorphous androids they know from </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.startrek.com/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Star Trek</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> or </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0343818/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">I, Robot</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">. Developers who currently work hard on resolving challenges
of </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www2.cs.siu.edu/~hexmoor/classes/CS404-S09/RobotLocomotion.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">robot
stability on two legs</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> must be amused
by such perceptions. It might not hurt the cause of realism to show actual contemporary
robots in action more frequently – say, their applications in autonomous
transport or cleaning systems. Such reality check promises to be one of the
safest methods to banish premature fear of the man-machine’s interfacing
coexistence. <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div align="justify" id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Documents/Publishing/Blurbs/Spring%202019/Robot%20Psychology%20v2.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="line-height: 106%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Polish
scientist Maciej Koszowski produced a remarkable body of logico-legal
algorithmic and interpretive research on aspects of analogy. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Maciej Koszowski, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Multiple Function of Analogical Reasoning in
Science and Everyday Life</i>, 197 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Polish
Soc. Rev., </span>no. 1, 2017, at 3; Maciej Koszowski<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, The Scope of Application of Analogical Reasoning in Statutory Law</i>,
7 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Am. Int’l J. Contemp. Res.,</span> no.
1, March 2017, at 16; Maciej Koszowski<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,
Why Is Analogy in Empirical Science and Everyday Life Different from Analogy in
Law?</i> 25 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Studia Iuridica Lublinensia</span>,
no. 2, 2016, at 127; Maciej Koszowski<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,
Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca’s Account of Analogy Applied to Law: The
Proportional Model of Analogical Legal Reasoning</i>,<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> 13 Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej, </span>no. 2,
2016, at <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">5</span>; Maciej Koszowski<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, The Scope of Application of Analogical
Reasoning in Precedential Law</i>, 37 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Liverpool
L. Rev.,</span> no. 1-2, 2016, at 19. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See
also</i> Richard A. Posner, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Legal Reason:
The Use of Analogy in Legal Argument</i>, 91 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cornell
L. Rev</span>. 761 (2006) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chaim
Perelman & Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on
Argumentation</span> (1971).</span></span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-52986064341642727602018-12-01T00:30:00.000-05:002018-12-01T00:30:04.814-05:00Artificial Intelligence Disrupts Drug Testing for Oncology<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sophisticated computer analytics can be
tuned to predict the results of laboratory testing and thus render drug
development both faster and cheaper. In pharmaceutical research, the quest for
new drugs involved above all a very large number of lab tests. If, for example,
basic research has identified a protein that has a role in tumor growth, often tens
of thousands of active ingredients need to be tested in hopes that one of them will
alter the protein’s function so that tumor growth will stop. At the same time,
lab testing reveals some potential harmful side effects on the body. In other
words, in order to find viable active substances, researchers need to generate
huge quantities of data and review them for certain patterns. This sounds exactly
like a computational task – and indeed, pharmaceutical research is about to
change fundamentally and undergo unprecedented acceleration with the emergence
of AI.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Especially R&D targeting complex systemic diseases stands to benefit. </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;">Large-scale assays for drug discovery are expensive and often impractical, particularly for the increasingly important physiologically relevant model systems that require primary cells, organoids, whole organisms, or expensive or rare reagents, </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">as a recent article, </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.cell.com/cell-chemical-biology/fulltext/S2451-9456(18)30037-0"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Repurposing High-Throughput Image Assay Enables Biological Activity Prediction for Drug Discovery</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, demonstrates in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cell Chemical Biology</i>. Oncology is morphing increasingly into a subspecialty of </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://academictree.org/cellbio/publications.php?pid=102607"><span style="color: #0563c1;">bioinformatics</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">Time, effort and expense of conventional
screening methods in the example described above stems from the fact that </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://personal.broadinstitute.org/anne/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">researchers</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> need to test the interactions of each molecule
under consideration with the protein they seek to influence, which translates
into tens or hundreds of thousands of rounds of testing. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Deep Learning has been a prominent tool in </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00080/full"><span style="color: #0563c1;">toxicity
prediction</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">
for some time. </span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">One
hypothesis of the cited study was therefore that the pathway to a viable drug
could be shortened significantly by having AI conduct specific preliminary
selection. Instead of running a complete set of tests for each molecule, a
different source of information might be capable of higher levels of
automation: analyzing image data, which computers are already pretty good at
interpreting. This led to the idea of a s</span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">calable machine-learning-based method
predicting compound activity from images.</span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> The study </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;">hypothesized
that data from a single </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.singerinstruments.com/resource/what-is-high-throughput-screening/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">high-throughput
imaging assay</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"> could be
repurposed to predict the biological activity of compounds in other assays,
even those targeting alternate pathways or biological processes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the process tested here, cell cultures treated with the active substance under review are imaged using high-throughput microscopy. Preparation of cell lines is inexpensive and could also be performed by robots in the future. Cells are then dyed and photographed under the microscope. This is not only vastly more expeditious but also costs just $10-15 per picture.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Pictures are not evaluated by humans but by AI: learning algorithms receive data feeds from databases of already known substances and of their effects at cellular level. With this knowledge in store, software now scours through all new cell images and proposes a handful of the most promising options based strictly upon morphological changes observed in the cell structure. </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;">Quantitative information extracted from a three-channel microscopy-based screen for glucocorticoid receptor translocation </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.cell.com/cell-chemical-biology/fulltext/S2451-9456(18)30037-0"><span style="color: #0563c1;">was able to predict</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"> assay-specific biological activity in two ongoing drug discovery projects.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">AI is aware that, whenever cells present a
certain picture, laboratory tests have also shown a positive result in the past.
The human eye is not good at systematically detecting those visual patterns.
Which specific criterion AI uses to determine the outcome – whether it is the form
of cell nuclei, the positioning of the cells with respect to one another, or other
indicative patterns – remains as inscrutable and unpredictable as human
intuitive processes, but its efficiency may be measured <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ex post</i>.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The study identified 125 promising
molecules from a total of 500,000 candidates for an oncological application: </span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hundreds of assays
predicted by one image screen annotating half a million compounds. </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Subsequent random lab tests confirmed AI’s
results in almost all cases. </span><span lang="EN" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurposing"><span style="color: #0563c1;">R<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">epurposing</span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"> increased hit rates 50- to 250-fold over that
of the initial project assays while increasing the diversity of chemical
structure of the hits. </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Connections
discovered in the process are in many cases very surprising to human
researchers as </span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">image-based models boosted hit rate and diversity in two drug
discovery projects</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. Even
if this method does not produce biological knowledge <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">per se</i>, it nonetheless provides starting points with excellent odds
for further research. The study concluded that </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;">data from high-content screens are a rich source of
information that can be used to predict and replace customized biological
assays. </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">It is
expected that drug development will accelerate substantially as a result of
involving AI-based screening and testing methods such as this, using wide
varieties of pattern recognition. The instant study represented just a p</span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">roof of concept
justifying further work on image-based learning for drug discovery.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> It will also become more accurately
targeted because problematic side effects can be predicted earlier. Of course,
clinical trials will still not become obsolete until simulation of entire human
organisms and their considerable varieties becomes available, which is why it
will still take some time until the first AI-based drugs will come to market. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-21128084186002946162018-11-01T00:30:00.000-04:002018-11-01T00:30:07.221-04:00Algorithmically Tailored Immunotherapy: The Amazon Method of Curing Cancer?<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">“Customers who bought this item also
bought…” Well, in the case of therapies for life-threatening diseases, Amazon’s
familiar trope does not sound too helpful since it will frequently, and quite
predictably, list “all of the above,” especially before insurance benefits have
run out. And yet, it is a highly valuable if nascent computational concept,
even though a long road still lay ahead before it may start to limit wasteful
and disheartening trial-and-error in clinical reality.</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first effective </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/cancer-treatments/immunotherapy"><span style="color: #0563c1;">oncological
immunotherapy</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> was approved just a few
years ago. Today, <span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">patients with advanced skin cancer receive
this therapy where medication supports the immune system in its struggle
against cancer. Data analysis of several thousand skin cancer patients who were
originally predicted to have only a few months to live shows that in about
one-fifth of them, even two to three years after immunotherapy, tumors show no
signs of return. This turned into a medical sensation that was all the more
impressive as these drugs showed results not just with skin cancers but also
with other types of malignancies, and now immunotherapeutics are approved also
for lung, bladder and kidney cancers, adding more variants almost by the day.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">The downside is that immunotherapy is effective
only in about 20 percent of patients with most cancers. There are varieties,
such as colon cancer, that are largely resistant to immunotherapy. Again,
bioinformatics holds considerable promise to change this picture, since colorectal
cancer is one of the most common types, with </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/data-specific-cancers/colorectal-cancer-statistics"><span style="color: #0563c1;">1.4
million new cases</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> per
year world-wide. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">To be able to predict which combination of immunotherapy
and standard therapy would be effective in a given patient, researchers breed in
the lab mini organs, so-called </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.stemcell.com/technical-resources/area-of-interest/organoid-research.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">organoids</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">, which have been surgically removed from cancerous
tissue. These organ-like structures are small tumors in their own right with
the patient’s own genetic footprint. They are therefore ideal for testing the
effect of various medications on the immune system of a specific individual. Data
from these extensive tests will then be fed into a computer model that should
ultimately predict which combination therapy would be most effective for each patient.
A first review of a comprehensive study of over 600 colorectal cancer patients
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cancer Genome Atlas</i> showed that </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124716303643"><span style="color: #0563c1;">infiltrating
antibody</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> cells of a
tumor are very different depending on its origin, patient’s genetic
predisposition, and tumor environment.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The number of mutations also varies greatly from tumor to tumor – from several hundred to several thousand per patient. This heterogeneity of one and the same tumor could signal a turning point in the search of cancer immunotherapy that fits all patients. It appears that hardly two colon cancer patients have identical mutation profiles. Therefore, </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452216303633"><span style="color: #0563c1;">breeding individual organoids</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> that react very differently to treatment is essential.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; 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color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; 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line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Manipulating </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2237936317300916"><span style="color: #0563c1;">organoids</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> by genetic and pharmacological means yields a lot of knowledge about drug treatment of tumors that is required to make them respond to immunotherapy. Technology for breeding organoids exists only since a few years and can be combined with </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.scripps.edu/florida/technologies/hts/index.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">high-throughput screening</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> technology, which allows accurate characterization of organoids and determination of molecular profiles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In order to</span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> derive targeted information for immunotherapy
of cancers from bioinformatic analyses, an additional step is required: creation
of tailored mathematical simulation models to process data feeds. This permits
meaningful simulation of a wide variety of combination therapies. The number of
possible combinatory permutations is enormous: in recent years, at least 70 new
cancer drugs were approved, in addition to conventional chemotherapy still in
use, and at least six new immunotherapeutic drugs. Algorithmic models can, in
principle and depending on their quality, distill individualized combination
therapies for each patient, creating a form of targeted precision medicine
based on detailed knowledge of the specific mutation profiles of each tumor.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">Key to that
approach is the supply of the greatest possible amount of data from different
clinical trials. Individual patient profiles need to be combined with data of
similar patient groups and information about the medication; after evaluation, specific
therapy recommendations could be expected to result. This process of advanced
combinatorics is ultimately similar to the way Amazon evaluates customer
interest from past purchases of individuals and larger groups; in oncology,
scientists are aiming at specific recommendations for customized cancer
therapy. </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/practice-management/news/print/hemonc-today/%7Bd6de2990-1074-4a5f-809c-542ecfb40d5a%7D/burnout-levels-reach-tipping-point-among-oncologists"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Human
oncologists would be overwhelmed</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> with distilling and interpreting such data floods with any degree of
accuracy, but combinations of AI and BigData methods can be expected to show
the pathway toward the most effective therapy – not only for each type of
cancer but also for each individual’s situation. With immunotherapy cost
currently around </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-healthcare-cancer-costs/the-cost-of-cancer-new-drugs-show-success-at-a-steep-price-idUSKBN1750FU"><span style="color: #0563c1;">$150,000-240,000
per year</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> (and </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.curetoday.com/publications/cure/2015/immunotherapy/considering-cost-whats-an-immunotherapy-worth"><span style="color: #0563c1;">rising
rapidly</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">), accurate
prediction as to what therapy combinations will be effective for which patient
is not only key to survival for the individual but also for an already heavily
strained health care system. The choices involved in the process inescapably
demand answers to that most inconvenient of political questions: how much is
temporary human life worth?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-35172821524668021902018-10-01T00:30:00.000-04:002018-10-01T00:30:04.873-04:00Bands Who Code: Massive Attack’s Mezzanine Now on DNA<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1998’s </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/massive-attack-make-no-1-with-mezzanine/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Mezzanine</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> was one of the legendary albums of </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.massiveattack.co.uk/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Massive Attack</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;">; its single release </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">“</span></u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7K72X4eo_s"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Teardrop</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;">” became a </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teardrop_(song)"><span style="color: #0563c1;">worldwide hit</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. To celebrate its twentieth anniversary, the British trip hop band </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2018/04/entire-music-album-to-be-stored-on-DNA.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">will now have its album archived in DNA for eternity</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, using technology developed at ETH Zurich. </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.fml.ethz.ch/the-lab/people/lecturer.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Robert Grass</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, professor at the </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.multimat.mat.ethz.ch/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Laboratory for Functional Materials Engineering</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> at ETH Zurich, claims this form of data storage enables archiving ‘for centuries or millennia.’</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">First, Grass and his colleague </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="http://www.reinhardheckel.com/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Reinhard Heckel</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, a former ETH researcher now at </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.ece.rice.edu/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Rice University</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, translated the digital soundtrack to genetic code: while information
is stored on an optical medium or hard drive in a sequence of zeros and ones, biology
saves genetic information in a sequence of the four DNA building blocks A, C,
G, and T. To make a data set of this size manageable, they compressed the music
file to 15MB using </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="http://opus-codec.org/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Opus technology</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, a compression method </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/google-hitches-opus-audio-technology-to-webrtc-star/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">qualitatively
superior</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> to, say, popular mp3.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A U.S. company currently manufactures
920,000 short DNA molecules that store all the data of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mezzanine</i>. These molecules are then infused into 5,000 nanometer-sized
globuli by Zurich company </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.turbobeads.com/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Turbobeads</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, an ETH Zurich spin-off.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The nanoparticle beads may be preserved
in a small vial as a dispersion in water with virtually unlimited durability.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">It is possible to extract the DNA from those beads anytime
and read the music file saved on it by means of </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.genome.gov/10001177/dna-sequencing-fact-sheet/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">DNA
sequencing</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> in order to play it on a digital device.
Although the method for this is rather involved, millions of copies of the
information can be made at minimal expense once it is stored. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Grass and Heckel developed the
technology three years ago. At that time, ETH scientists immortalized, as a
kind of proof of feasibility, the text of the </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Federal Charter</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> of 1291, a foundational document of the
Swiss Confederation, in DNA. Now their method is used commercially as well. The
music album by Massive Attack is the second largest file ever stored in DNA. The
only larger one in existence is a file collection of more than </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/from-digital-to-biological-why-the-future-of-storage-is-all-about-dna/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">200MB
that Microsoft has stored</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> on DNA. DNA storage capacity is pegged at </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/dna-data-storage-landmark-now-its-215-petabytes-per-gram-or-over-100-million-movies/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">215
petabytes per gram</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">,
or some 100 million movies…</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-54251263946678314612018-09-11T22:59:00.000-04:002018-09-11T22:59:09.805-04:00Food Innovations in Sustainable Urban Development<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong>Vertical Farming: Agro-Startups from Silicon Wadi Conquer European Urbanism</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The concept of </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uVL-PvzQxU"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">urban farming</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> is, of course, not new. With the carbon footprint of essential produce increasingly of concern to urban consumers with purchasing power, </span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2017/06/28/the-25-most-innovative-ag-tech-startups/#473aed904883"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">agro startups</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, although only peripherally involved with IT or biotech, are fast becoming hot items. Berlin may not sound like a natural choice for a young Israeli agro-startup, but one of the most promising experiments in advanced urban integration indeed took root there before it spread out to Paris, London and Copenhagen. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://infarm.de/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Infarm</span></a></i> is, in a manner of speaking, ‘sprouting out-of-the-box.’ ‘</span><a href="https://themicrogardener.com/easy-guide-to-growing-microgreens/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Microgreens</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u>’ <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">the shoots of salad vegetables such as arugula, celery, beetroot, etc., picked just after the first leaves have developed,</span> contain up to 40 times more vital nutrients than mature plants. </span></span></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5J7ujexMbPs"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Microgreen economics</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> of indoor production contrast remarkably with economics of conventional farming. Microgreens are quick to grow, moving from seed to feed in just one to three weeks depending on plant variety, and with an incredible </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIdQt1FTGYk"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">yield-to-space ratio</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, offering a perfect solution for urban living with increasingly little room or time for a garden, as they require minimal expense, time and effort for a highly expeditious healthy harvest of organic greens. Functional requirements are very modest: access to good light means no more than a well-lit bench indoors, a tray or other suitable shallow container, water, and a growing medium. This model also offers near-total independence from climate: fresh living greens for salads, sandwiches, soups and garnishes are easy crops to grow year-round. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFAXFO_fJ8k"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Infarm, founded 2013</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> by an Israeli couple from Tel Aviv and one partner’s brother in an </span><a href="https://www.airstream.com/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Airstream</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> mobile home, laid the foundation for an increasingly fashionable urban gardening scene in metropolitan Europe with a staff that grew to well over 100 to date and includes biologists, engineers, programmers and management talent. Together, they have spawned more than 70 </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5VU2kSakx8"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">‘vertical farms’</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> in Berlin restaurants, warehouses, and supermarkets. Infarm provides and operates under leasehold agreements the vertical farming boxes with sensors that constantly record and monitor data, including pH, temperature, light, density of nutrients, and other factors. The system uses AI to learn and optimize conditions on location. </span><a href="https://www.edeka.de/homepage.jsp"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Edeka</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, Germany’s largest national supermarket chain, has stocked its outlets in Berlin and Hannover with urban farming boxes that enable customers to purchase after work some incomparably freshly harvested greens or other produce for dinner. A 5000 square meter hall at the outskirt of Berlin houses City Hub Farm where farming boxes and their technology are manufactured. In early 2018, the company announced that it had raised from investors €20 million, which is expected to fund also expansion into other metropolitan areas: Paris-Nanterre is expected to feature a 100 square meter indoor farm at a </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldJ66k2MPdQ"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Metro supermarket</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> by end of 2018. By mid-2019, 1,000 indoor farms are expected to be operational across Europe. First imitators, the sincerest form of flattery, have emerged already, proving business model viability and growing demand. Some new vertical farming technologies use </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_tvJtUHnmU"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">no soil and up to 95% less water</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u> although </span></span></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXXZ1GUmgcI"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">metrics, comparability of data</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and claims are disputed and critiqued by some. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Urban Aquaculture</strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aquaculture, a fancy term for fish farming, has had its ups and downs over recent decades as reservations against the quality of farmed fish grew steadily – at least among those consumer segments that were not compelled to make purchasing decisions primarily on price. <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Urban aquaculture</span><span style="background: white;"> includes the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants within the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">urban</span> environment: rivers, ponds, lakes, canals, but also and especially indoors – the nearer to the consumer, the higher efficiency and the better. </span></span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.npr.org/2011/07/03/137588931/urban-fish-farming-wave-of-the-future"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Urbanizing aquaculture</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> is not a new concept: oceanic habitats are becoming less hospitable, with water temperatures and acidity rising, dead zones growing, and mass extinction of fish and coral species looming in an uncomfortably near future. Farmed fish, on the other hand, is raised in conditions so dirty that constant antibiotics and other chemicals must be supplied for it to grow to consumable size. Urbanization requires making </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANpbBZu5ViE"><span style="color: #0563c1;">recirculating aquaculture systems</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> small enough to run anywhere on a municipal water source, putting a vision of jacuzzi-sized tilapia tanks on every roof within very realistic reach. It is a concept not only capable of yielding at least 100 pounds of fish per person per year, but also using fish waste to grow </span><span style="background: white;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYFM7J_TpTU"><span style="color: #0563c1;">hydroponic plants</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> floating on a foam sheet on the water surface in the same tank, producing lettuce in six weeks.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As an obvious consequence, urban aquaculture will transcend the hobby stage if, and only if, it can be facilitated to transcend a circle of activist enthusiasts by integrating it meaningfully and thoughtfully into advanced urban </span><a href="https://scenariojournal.com/article/aqueous-ecologies/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">architectural planning and developing</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> adaptation kits for properties that do not have easily convertible facilities. While urban farming and aquafarming may be capable of relatively practicable integration in urban or suburban sprawl, it is still extremely difficult to show the same for metropolitan living in even moderately sophisticated high-rises and limited apartment sizes dictated by disproportionate real estate costs per square foot. Here, only centralized, communal facilities are realistic – which, in turn, require board approval and involve the possibility of obstruction. Therefore, truly ‘domestic’ fish farming in a metropolitan setting would seem feasible only under exceptional circumstances and especially in townhouses or rare rooftop apartments. But urban-domiciled centralized facilities integrated in supermarkets or specialty stores are nonetheless a promising option that still provides extreme freshness with manageable compliance and quality control procedures. It is probably fair to say that </span><a href="https://arch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/faculty-courses/Architecture%20for%20Aquaculture.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">architecture</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and organizational matters and procedures are more of an obstacle to metropolitan urban aquaculture than </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848616312509"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">technology</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> or safety inspections. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But neither vertical farming nor aquaculture are likely to cover more than a fraction of needed supply, and have to be balanced to coexist with traditional food supplies from conventional sources and locations, thus only gradually reducing sustainability concerns. Nonetheless, </span><a href="http://worldwideaquaculture.com/benefits-of-small-scale-urban-fish-farming/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">small-scale urban aquaculture</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> has a wide range of benefits for the future evolution of urban agglomerations. </span><a href="https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/gguelj/vol6/iss2/6/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Legal foundations</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> exist and do not present particular or unfamiliar challenges.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-45456898495851436232018-08-05T04:07:00.000-04:002018-09-11T22:32:49.131-04:00Now That's a First – “World’s Best Island Resort” Shuttered for Environmental Reasons<span style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Philippines close Boracay Island for six-month
cleanup </span></b></span></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">Populist
regimes are beginning to discover environmental protection as a fertile signature
issue. It is increasingly where the votes are. At least in small baby steps and
far from everywhere. While Poland’s logging of Europe’s last remaining (and
UNESCO-protected) primeval woodland of Bia</span><span lang="IT" style="line-height: 115%;">ł</span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">owie</span><span lang="IT" style="line-height: 115%;">ż</span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">a has
incurred a final judgment imposing a </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/17/poland-violated-eu-laws-by-logging-in-biaowieza-forest-says-ecj"><span style="color: #0563c1;">€100,000
daily fine by the ECJ</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">, Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte has discovered that “</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/619284/environmentalists-laud-duterte-s-stand-on-climate-change/story/?tag=sona2017"><span style="color: #0563c1;">When
nature fights back, it does so with a vengeance</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;">.” His government imposed - and surprisingly upheld
- a </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.dw.com/en/philippine-president-rodrigo-duterte-holds-to-ban-on-open-pit-mining-despite-pressure/a-41450962"><span style="color: #0563c1;">ban
on open-pit mining</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 115%;"> and starts
to target </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/01/06/pro-environmental-group-appeals-to-duterte-to-run-after-erring-steel-mills/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">polluting
steel mills.</span></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">Now, popular
Boracay Island in the Philippines was closed to visitors for six months due to massive
environmental problems. </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/philippines-to-close-boracay-to-tourists-for-six-months-from-april-26"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Starting
April 26,</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> authorities
no longer permitted tourists to land on the island. Some 600 security forces
were deployed in total to secure and enforce the visitors ban. Administering
the “closure” alone amounts to a </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/story/boracay-set-to-ban-tourists-for-six-months-during-island-rehabilitation"><span style="color: #0563c1;">logistical
nightmare</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">The quarantine
period until November is to be used to visit the island to fix the worst issues
and perform a clean-up mission. Many hotels, restaurants and shops on Boracay
are said to have, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inter alia</i>,
channeled their sewage including feces for years simply into the sea. President
Duterte is said to </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/story/boracay-set-to-ban-tourists-for-six-months-during-island-rehabilitation"><span style="color: #0563c1;">have
personally ordered the closure</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> and to have called Boracay, where </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/story/boracay-set-to-ban-tourists-for-six-months-during-island-rehabilitation"><span style="color: #0563c1;">vacationing
tourists spent 21 million nights in 2017 alone</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">, a “cesspool” - ordering his environmental
secretary to “clean the goddamn thing.”</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">Boracay, about
300 kilometers south of Manila, was voted “</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2014-10-20/top-30-islands-in-the-world-readers-choice-awards-2014"><span style="color: #0563c1;">best
island in the world</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">” by
Conde Nast Traveler in 2017. About 40,000 locals live on the island, most of
whom earn their livelihood from tourism. Real estate development has been </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOc9h9K7FvI"><span style="color: #0563c1;">another curse of popularity</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;">. The ban is estimated to cost tourism revenues
of some </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/travel/articles/941676/boracay-philipines-tourist-ban-island-closure-President-Duterte"><span style="color: #0563c1;">$2.75
million as 15% of the country’s 6.5 million tourists visit Boracay.</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; line-height: 115%;"> The Philippine government plans to provide
emergency financial aid in the amount of some $109 million, although it has not
clarified how these funds will be distributed.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-17004964716769380582018-07-01T01:00:00.000-04:002018-07-01T01:00:07.662-04:00Can Serendipitous Discoveries Save Mankind from Itself? The Case of Plastic-Digesting Enzymes and Bacteria<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As a further chapter in my occasional
highlight of </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.allgodswereimmortal.com/search?q=serendip"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1;">serendipitous
discoveries</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, teams of scientists from the UK and the U.S.
discovered and evolved in Japan an enzyme that can degrade plastic by assisting
a </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2080279-bacteria-found-to-eat-pet-plastics-could-help-do-the-recycling/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1;">bacterium with digesting PET plastics</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Ongoing further research promises to put a relatively cheap end to worldwide
plastic pollution by recycling it sustainably. As it stands today, </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.postconsumers.com/2011/10/31/how-long-does-it-take-a-plastic-bottle-to-biodegrade/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1;">PET plastics can survive hundreds of years</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
in the environment and have turned into an increasingly serious and mushrooming
burden to major countries and large oceanic regions. Researchers from the </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.port.ac.uk/school-of-biological-sciences/staff/john-mcgeehan.html"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1;">University of Portsmouth</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, UK and the </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.nrel.gov/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Renewable Energy Laboratory</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> at
the U.S. Department of Energy have now discovered, and </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/04/16/1718804115"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1;">published
in PNAS,</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://uopnews.port.ac.uk/2018/04/16/engineering-a-plastic-eating-enzyme/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1;">potential solution to this blight</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> by
studying and tuning the structure of a natural enzyme that developed on its own
in a Japanese waste recycling center. </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/green-tech/a19839779/researchers-accidentally-find-enzyme-to-break-down-plastic/"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Initial research found</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> that the PETase enzyme assists a
bacterium, </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965627"><span style="color: #0563c1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white;">Ideonella
sakaiensis</span></i><span style="background: white;"> 201-F6,</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> with breaking down or digesting PET
plastics. The enzyme structure was then optimized by bioengineering by adding
some amino acids. This optimization process resulted in random changes to PETase’s
activities and ultimately indeed an altered enzyme that turned out to be significantly
more effective than its natural form. The same team now continues to explore
the enzyme further to see if PET plastics </span><a href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2018/research-team-engineers-a-better-plastic-degrading-enzyme.html"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">can be degraded on an industrial scale</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">, and if so, with what side effects. It
is entirely possible, indeed likely, that the next few years will yield industrially
viable processes to disassemble PET and possibly other plastics back into their
original organic building blocks to set in motion a sustainable chain of
recycling. </span><a href="https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21740669-auf-wiedersehen-pet-enzyme-digests-plastic-could-boost-recycling"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Independent scientists</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> not directly involved in this research consider
this biodegradability approach clearly promising despite the obvious concerns
that the development of the enzyme as possible solution against pollution is
still at </span><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/plastic-eating-enzyme-pollution-solution-waste-bottles-bacteria-portsmouth-a8307371.html"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">too early a stage</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> to render a meaningful assessment possible. And that may
well be true, but it is also secondary: enzymes are non-toxic, biodegradable
and capable of being produced in large quantities by microorganisms, and there is
great potential for using enzyme technology to solve society's growing waste and
</span><a href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/bacteria-landfill.htm"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">landfill problem</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> by degrading at least some of today’s </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/how-plastic-eating-bacteria-actually-work-a-chemist-explains-95233"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">most commonly used plastics.</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> Even as it may still be necessary to
await further developments intended to improve the enzyme, this discovery
brings sustainable recycling of plastics </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/new-plastic-munching-bacteria-could-fuel-a-recycling-revolution-55961"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">within striking distance</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-9108894527666173852018-06-01T01:00:00.001-04:002018-06-01T01:00:04.906-04:00Imposing Tariffs on Technology to Save Jobs?<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A new study suggests that increased trade with China had more
dramatic impact in the U.S. than previously thought. While economists across
the board continue to consider unilateral tariffs the wrong approach, U.S.
public discourse about the trade conflict </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">between</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> the U.S. and China has turned to more subtle aspects of
the pros and cons of globalization. The central question remains: How can
people be compensated who lost job and perspective because of free trade? Economists
who normally write only for an </span></span><a href="http://www2.itif.org/2012-american-manufacturing-decline.pdf"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">expert audience</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> turn into
permanent guests in the media. Most of them reject an isolationist strategy. Their
argument goes like this: if we look at development over time, it was </span></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/grogonomics/2016/nov/24/some-jobs-are-going-but-its-automation-not-free-trade-thats-the-problem"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">not free trade but automation</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> that has caused the sharp drop of number of U.S. industrial workers.
Besides, and despite </span></span><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/bd5984be-1d8f-11e8-aaca-4574d7dabfb6"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dramatic warnings from select industries</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, the problem is far less serious than the political
debate suggests: U.S. unemployment at 4.1 percent is much lower than widely
accepted – in fact, it is extremely low.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And even if there are job
retention problems, tariffs will not relieve them. But there are shades of gray
in the debate: </span></span><a href="https://harris.uchicago.edu/directory/kerwin-charles"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kerwin Charles</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, </span></span><a href="https://www.chicagobooth.edu/faculty/directory/h/erik-hurst"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Erik Hurst</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and </span></span><a href="https://coe.uchicago.edu/directories/full/2015-fellows"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mariel Schwartz</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, all from the University
of Chicago, have been part of a recently published research paper making an
interesting objection to the debate. Although the authors do not favor </span></span><a href="http://www.debate.org/opinions/should-the-united-states-be-an-isolationist-country"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">isolationists policies</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, their arguments suggest
that a serious consideration of the pros and cons of a liberal trade policy is
more complex than it appears at first sight. </span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Competitive
pressure from China is indeed a factor – potentially the key factor – in the
loss of </span></span><a href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0222_manufacturing_helper_krueger_wial.pdf"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">U.S.
manufacturing jobs</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. But this happens through a mechanism not as
simple as mere wage differentials. In their paper </span></span><a href="https://bfi.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/research/WP_2018-20.pdf"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Transformation
of Manufacturing and the Decline in US Employment</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> Charles, Hurst and
Schwartz show just how dramatic the decline of U.S. industry had been.</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Since 2010, 5.5 million net jobs were lost. One third of all
manufacturing jobs disappeared. Like other research, Charles and his colleagues
show that job losses were heavier in industries where Chinese competition had
particularly increased. However, the China factor explains only about a third
of job losses. A bigger part was played by the </span></span><a href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-unemployment-automation-and-anxiety"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">increased
level of automation</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Machines play a far more important role in
processes today than they did 20 years ago, and owing to technology, U.S.
industry produces far more with less than it did 20 years ago.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At first glance, this argument seems to prove right those who
say that the development was not caused by trade but by automation. But Charles,
Hurst and Schwartz take their analysis one step further: they show that the
degree of automation rose more sharply in those industries that had come under competitive
pressure from China.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Therefore, free trade appears to </span></span><a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Global%20Themes/Digital%20Disruption/Harnessing%20automation%20for%20a%20future%20that%20works/MGI-A-future-that-works_Full-report.ashx"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">accelerate
automation</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u></span><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"> because it increases competitive pressure.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Automation and free trade are perceived
by many economists as two different developments that only happen at the same
time. But these results of Charles, Hurst and Schwartz suggest a strong
connection: wherever lower-cost producers show up, U.S. employers are forced (or,
rather, strongly incentivized) to replace humans with machines. Thus, negative
consequences of trade would be stronger than expected. Peter Navarro, Director
of Trade and Industrial Policy, argues similarly: </span></span><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/515926/how-technology-is-destroying-jobs/"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">if
technology alone would explain</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> elimination
of jobs, there could not be many more manufacturing workers on a per-capita
basis in Germany and Japan than there are in the U.S. – but there are. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other economists have held that </span></span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/09/trumps-protectionist-policies-may-actually-accelerate-automation-of-us-jobs-jefferies-predicts.html"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">protectionism
accelerates automation</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. This is not an
either-or conundrum: let’s just agree that </span></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/11/robots-jobs-employees-artificial-intelligence"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">technology
accelerates automation</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> – because it’s there, because
it improves quality and reduces cost and thus creates competitive advantage, and
because machines don’t strike and don’t talk back. Contrary to human workers,
they also become cheaper to buy with time. </span></span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/07/world-without-work/395294/"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A
world without work</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, for many or most?</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Economic theory held for a long
time that countries always benefit from free trade because the exchange of goods
and services allows them to specialize. </span></span><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-europe-commission/european-commission-says-views-trade-as-win-win-situation-idUSKCN1GE1NI"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If
everyone produces what he does well, everyone wins.</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> So long as prosperity increases overall, people who lose
their job as a result of globalized free trade can get employment elsewhere. Industrial
workers simply become IT specialists. This has been the standard model for some
decades, but recent research shows that this is precisely what did not happen: many
former steel workers in the Midwest, for example, do not get other jobs in
emerging industries for which they could be retrained in theory, but they
instead remain unemployed.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;">The Chicago study now shows the
dramatic effects this has had. For example, substance abuse rose most sharply
in recent years where industrial job losses were heaviest. They prove this by
numbers showing prescriptions of painkillers by doctors and by the development
of drug deaths. Substance abuse is today the </span></span><a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/drug-overdoses-leading-death-people-50-article-1.3223333"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">leading
cause of death</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> among Americans less than 50 years old. The U.S.
experiences the worst drug crisis in history. </span></span><a href="https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/july-2013/exploring-the-link-between-drug-use-and-job-status-in-the-us"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Addicts
typically do not look for employment</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> – and so
they drop out of statistics.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;">When economists talk about pros
and cons of trade, they typically do not include the </span></span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/12/economic-cost-of-the-opioid-crisis-1-trillion-and-growing-faster.html"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cost
of a drug pandemic</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> in their tally. But regardless of accounting
estimates, tariffs will not bring lost jobs back. They may improve U.S. steel
output manufactured by robots, yes, but this only benefits the shareholders of
steel mills – it does not restore jobs for human workers.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;">Negative cost of trade is difficult
to measure. But that also applies to its benefits. Nobody can say exactly what
kind of economic utility results from universal access to ownership of cheap
iPhones and Galaxies from China - in many ways, gadgets are just gimmicks.
Besides, the real and thus far underestimated danger lay in the fallout from progressive
escalation of trade conflicts: China </span></span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/01/canada-european-union-pledge-countermeasures-against-us-steel-aluminum-tariffs.html"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and
others</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> respond to U.S. steel tariffs with </span></span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/04/reuters-america-wrapup-1-china-vows-countermeasures-as-u-s-issues-extensive-tariff-list.html"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">countermeasures</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, which the White House considers excessive, and in response
to that, economic advisors recommend additional </span></span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/26/kevin-hassett-us-firms-get-crushed-by-chinas-forced-joint-ventures.html"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">punitive
measures</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Now, if one shifts focus from China to Schumpeter’s creative
destruction by entrepreneurial technology, one can take the Chicago study to
its logical consequence for policy purposes: universal basic income (UBI), an
idea supported by some </span></span><a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/these-entrepreneurs-have-endorsed-universal-basic-income"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">household
names in technology</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> like Elon Musk, Ray Kurzweil, Sam Altman, but
also </span></span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/27/what-billionaires-say-about-universal-basic-income-in-2017.html"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mark
Zuckerberg and Richard Branson</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, although </span></span><a href="https://makewealthhistory.org/2017/05/30/20-supporters-of-the-universal-basic-income/"><span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the
idea dates back</span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> to Milton Friedman (negative income tax),
Bertrand Russell, Thomas Paine, Sir Thomas Moore and Pericles. I plan to write
about its pros and cons one of these days, as the idea gains attention again after
two or three millennia of being kicked around by some prominent thinkers.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-38110232955324018812018-05-28T09:24:00.000-04:002018-05-28T09:24:34.950-04:00Luddites lost, hopelessly: Artificial Intelligence now helps recruit staff and detects depression<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">More
and more German companies rely on artificial intelligence when it comes to
personnel selection. Insurer </span></span><a href="http://www.talanx.com/?sc_lang=en"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Talanx</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> has stated that it
conducts executive search with software that creates within minutes extensive
personality analyses of applicants based on language tests. According to Talanx,
the software produces a 90 percent approximation of the results obtained by psychologists
after days of work at assessment centers. Talanx relegates assessment to an
algorithm for good reason: a large part of its management will retire by 2025. Other
companies using the same software, </span></span><a href="https://www.precire.com/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Precire</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, include Frankfurt
Airport’s operator </span></span><a href="https://www.fraport.com/en/our-company.html"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fraport</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and </span></span><a href="https://www.randstad.com/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ranstadt</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> HR agency. The algorithm test of </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Precire<span style="color: #212121;"> was
created by an Aachen startup of the same name. The developer currently works on
integrating a medical speech analysis program for early detection of
depression. To date, Precire is able to reveal first signs of depression at a
very early stage. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></div>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Artificial
intelligence development is considered a multi-billion-dollar market in Europe,
and the situation in the U.S. is very similar. AI technologies could soon make
impact on other sectors, but platforms such as Precire are both highly promising
and alarming at the same time, as cheap and increasingly accurate technology is
bound to spread quickly. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></div>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alas,
practical concerns reach far beyond EU’s </span></span><a href="https://www.eugdpr.org/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">GDPR</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">: who will ensure that this easily recorded
deep psychological language analysis will be used only with valid consent and for
certain purposes but not for others, and not by potential anonymous actors? More
immediately, who will incur the risk of hiring an individual with symptoms, or
even likelihood of future onset of depression? What else besides depression
will be revealed by additional modules and additions to such a platform? What
are the consequences for Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights? Do individuals
retain a reasonable expectation of any privacy if physical characteristics such
as voice and images are increasingly available from plenty of uncontrollable
recordings, such as millions of CCTV cameras, public and private webcams, and
voice-operated AI systems? Will banks start to rely for credit decisions also
on customer profiles based on voice commands given to automated navigation
systems? How about individuals considering relationships with new
acquaintances? Has anyone ever seen a genie retreat into its bottle? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></div>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #212121;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Multiple
elections in Western countries since 2016 were about “the forgotten men and
women,” the losers of globalization and victims of automation. It is safe to
say that their numbers are bound to grow while neo-Luddite resistance may
destabilize purportedly open societies from inside more than migration has to
date. As the potential for abuse by further dilution of traditional concepts
such as “informed consent” and “reasonable expectation of privacy”
proliferates, will resistance to technology, even at great sacrifices of
convenience and price, remain even theoretically possible? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-67815171480781638022018-04-01T01:30:00.000-04:002018-04-01T01:30:27.226-04:00A brief reflection on the value paradox of time<div style="text-align: justify;">
In practical terms, time is linear. And it passes. Because it has <a href="http://jamesclear.com/value-of-time"><span style="color: #0563c1;">alternative uses</span></a>, different ways
of <a href="http://www.sv-luka.org/articles/timevalue.htm"><span style="color: #0563c1;">spending</span></a>, it is
capable of analysis under the concept of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_of_time"><span style="color: #0563c1;">opportunity costs</span></a>. It
can also be related to human life and psychology as a yardstick, by determining
its value in terms of one’s <a href="http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/734962-our-willingness-to-wait-reveals-the-value-we-place-on"><span style="color: #0563c1;">willingness
to wait.</span></a> Especially under risk and ambiguity.</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
While time passes, it is in itself without alternative. If we “save”
it, this sounds as if we could deposit it on a “time account” – but it is never
the same time we “save” and “spend.” There is no guarantee that what we save
today will still be there tomorrow. Or at all. Much of our sense of time relies
on the assumption that we will still be there – tomorrow or in a year or five.</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
The sociology of time is another dimension. In all likelihood,
Neanderthals did not separate work and leisure, thus had no schedule for
collecting berries or hunting mammoths, and therefore time was not managed, but
its use was based on current needs as part of a persistent struggle for
survival. Competing uses of time, and its partition and separation for
different uses is a much more recent phenomenon. Already circa 29 BCE, though
hardly for the first time, Virgil’s observation appears: <a href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Georgicon/Liber_III"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">sed fugit interea, fugit inreparabile tempus</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>There had been<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>countless similar admonitions against sloth and procrastination,
in the <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0250:text=Aph."><span style="color: #0563c1;">aphorisms
of Hippocrates</span></a>, come to fame latinized as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_longa,_vita_brevis#cite_note-Greek_text-1"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">ars longa, vita brevis</span></i></a>, Horace’s <a href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmina_(Horatius)/Liber_I/Carmen_XI"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">carpe diem</span></i></a> and Plato’s <a href="http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0POxy--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4----ded--0-1l--1-en-50---20-about-1708--00031-001-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=POxy&cl=CL5.1.2&d=HASH66d3681e4cf514e692ae08"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Phaedo’s</span></a>
(64a4) adoption by Tertullian (<a href="http://www.tertullian.org/latin/apologeticum_becker.htm"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Apologeticus
XXXIII</span></a>) as the Christian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">memento mori</i>,
its relative conceptual novelty was likely due to literacy more than it was to
newly broken ground. But, yes, suddenly, time management became an individual
as well as a social necessity, at the latest during the transition from the medieval
to the modern era that brought about development of watch technology to measure
passage of time, thus made its role and observation independent of natural
time. It was the foundation of the industrial revolution, of its separation of
labor and specialization. Now, coordinated contributions by distinct and
separate individuals became synchronized and regulated with regard to time –
the “deadline” in all its pervasive forms was born, though it had to have been
in existence far earlier. At the same time, religious reforms brought on by
Calvinism translated the material rewards of increased efficiency into signs of
divine favor and created theological underpinnings for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism"><span style="color: #0563c1;">values
of modern capitalism</span></a>. Because of this nexus (and its multitude of
implications), higher material standard of living seems to correlate, at least
empirically, with increased scarcity of time. Since time was managed, mankind
transitioned from subsistence economics into a standard of wealth economics. </div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
There is no evidence, however, of an inevitable nexus between
evanescence of leisure and affluence. Though it may seem that time pressure is
the price we pay for growth and prosperity. But this is a fallacy: while the
time resources of poor people may be valued less, <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/roiw.12117/abstract"><span style="color: #0563c1;">poverty</span></a>
engenders more pressing shortages of time than affluence, not least because the
forms they bring about are more inescapable. </div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Time shortage under affluence has different causes:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.linguee.com/french-english/translation/l%27embarras+du+choix.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">l’embarras du choix</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> The stress of too many options, too
much choice, too much diversity. The risk of a “wrong” – or, almost as
dissatisfying – a “suboptimal” choice in terms of ratings, rankings or other externally
imposed preferences is much greater than in earlier, simpler times with fewer
choices. At the same time, social media create pressure by showing us all the
exciting things other people are doing right now and that we appear to be
missing out on. The need to make reviewable comparisons, decisions and choices
constantly creates dissatisfaction of another kind than need.</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Time is a resource and its valuation just as important as that of any
other – perhaps more so. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/do-you-know-what-your-time-is-really-worth-1437500727"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Time
is not money</span></a>, but it can have monetary value, beyond <a href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/time-value.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">mathematical
trivia</span></a>. To have time has become a status symbol. “Important people have
time.” They are in a position to delegate secondary choices and <a href="https://www.thestreet.com/story/13176647/1/what-rich-people-value-most-surprise-money-comes-third.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">lower
priorities</span></a> which in turn frees up their available time resources. As a
result, the most <a href="http://tinybuddha.com/wisdom-quotes/its-not-about-having-time-its-about-making-time-if-it-matters-you-will-make-time/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">successful</span></a>
person is not the one that spends the longest hours at the office but the one with
a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/34667552"><span style="color: #0563c1;">work-life balance</span></a> that wraps
up his or her agenda in time for golf, social, charitable or artistic
engagements. Or even for <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/08/fashion/sleep-tips-and-tools.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">sleep
and rest</span></a>. It may be a 21<sup>st</sup> century <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550615623842"><span style="color: #0563c1;">standard of
success</span></a> to show sufficiency of time, this scarcest of resources of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hoi polloi</i>. Yet, at the same time, to
some and indeed many, the times when <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/03/busyness-status-symbol/518178/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">being
richer meant working less</span></a> are so yesterday. </div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-83230601277476057502018-03-01T01:30:00.000-05:002018-03-01T01:30:09.706-05:00Regulating Mathematics<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Let’s not delude ourselves – wide swaths of mathematics have been
regulated at least in their applied incarnations. At least since cryptography,
a branch of number theory, has come to be considered an “armament” requiring an
export license.</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
But as “<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Weapons-Math-Destruction-Increases-Inequality/dp/0553418815"><span style="color: #0563c1;">weapons
of math destruction</span></a>” have become commonplace and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/01/how-algorithms-rule-our-working-lives"><span style="color: #0563c1;">algorithms
that rule</span></a> our working lives and consumer existence are used for anything
and everything from predictive advertising to policing to a virtually unlimited
number of other uses that include the internet of things as much as smart
agreements and the internet of contracts, it became increasingly obvious that
delegation of the outcome of machine analysis, evaluation, learning and
assessment would <a href="http://www.businessinsider.de/data-scientist-ted-speaker-algorithms-weapon-2017-4?r=US&IR=T"><span style="color: #0563c1;">require
regulation</span></a>. Cathy O’Neil, the “<a href="https://mathbabe.org/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">mathbabe</span></a>”
with a comet-tail long track <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3up4PezpthU"><span style="color: #0563c1;">record in finance</span></a>, has
been arguing for considerable time that <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdCJYsKlX_Y"><span style="color: #0563c1;">algorithmic notations
project</span></a> the past onto the future (so the best we can hope for is to perpetuate
the past) and are thus <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK87rN4xpqA"><span style="color: #0563c1;">rife
with bias</span></a>: they serve as a means of social control through pernicious
feedback loops, such as value-added models penalizing seemingly excellent <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/education/07winerip.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">educators</span></a>,
perpetuating racial, class-based and other discrimination in “<a href="http://www3.law.columbia.edu/bharcourt/documents/harcourt-moskos.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1;">predictive
policing</span></a>,” <a href="http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-cathy-oneil-20161229-story.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">political
polling</span></a>, <a href="https://mathbabe.org/2017/05/03/justice-needs-nerds/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">prison
sentencing</span></a>, <a href="https://www.propublica.org/series/machine-bias"><span style="color: #0563c1;">car
insurance</span></a> premiums, or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QlIbed_Hwg"><span style="color: #0563c1;">employment
tests</span></a>.</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
When Lufthansa, following the bankruptcy of Air Berlin, substantially
and unjustifiably hiked its airfares (to no one’s surprise, because a serious
low-cost competitor had just vanished) and was chided by the German Federal
Cartel Office, it created the “algorithmic defense”: no human was to blame, it
was all “the algorithm’s fault.” To which federal regulators remarked that
algorithms were <a href="http://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/2017-12/air-berlin-lufthansa-kartellamt-ticketpreise-pruefung"><span style="color: #0563c1;">not
written by God in heaven.</span></a> We can be sure to see algorithmic defenses spring
up all over the place, almost at the speed of light.</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
In this context, O’Neil postulates a “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M56rzMTGrBY"><span style="color: #0563c1;">Hippocratic oath</span></a>” of
modeling and data science: first, do no harm. That would require that mathematical
models be purged of characteristics that allow them to serve as <a href="http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/diversit.htm"><span style="color: #0563c1;">proxies for race and class</span></a>
and start responding to ethical responsibilities – which are tricky because
there are different stakeholders. Thus, meaningful regulation in a meta way requires
auditing algorithms – which, in reality, would mean to create and <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/joy_buolamwini_how_i_m_fighting_bias_in_algorithms"><span style="color: #0563c1;">continually
improve</span></a> algorithms that audit algorithms. That is because mathematics is
inherently “trusted” but, because of its undisclosed assumptions and model
correlations in most algorithms, is anything but <a href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/10/dont-trust-that-algorithm/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">trustworthy</span></a><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">:</span></u> its formulae are secret, and, although they almost
operate like laws in some instances, their disclosure is currently mandated by
no law, not even by the Freedom of Information Act, and has proved difficult to
enforce by civil litigants. Furthermore, the constitutionality of potential
outcomes dictated by algorithmic output is reviewed by no one. For example, we
have <a href="http://theconversation.com/big-data-algorithms-can-discriminate-and-its-not-clear-what-to-do-about-it-45849"><span style="color: #0563c1;">fair
hiring laws</span></a> – just that those are not applied to Big Data algorithms, and
there are no signs of an emerging nationwide conversation about it, just as
there is not about so much of data science. </div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
In the face of increasingly overwhelming evidence that the very
analogy-based and precedent-oriented genesis of AI does, in fact, “learn” from
models that carry prejudicial patterns on race, class and gender (surely among
others), indicating “group membership” or value allegiances of algorithms and
robots steered by them may become the next frontier of disclosure – perhaps through
<a href="https://digest.bps.org.uk/2012/03/05/robot-prejudice/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">brand names</span></a>,
though it will likely require greater and deeper efforts. But mere disclosure
of potential or predictable biases reinforced by autonomous learning may not be
enough in the absence of proactive and affirmative eradication tools. Which
raises another bizarre specter: the infiltration of AI by algorithms to secure
political correctness. So long as algorithms are written by humans, draw value
data input from humans and perform for a human target audience, it will be
difficult to see how phenomena that have existed in human valuation, rating and
triage processes could fail to leave mirroring marks on mathematical models
ultimately traced back to them.</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-3596354724301506062018-02-18T10:03:00.001-05:002018-02-18T10:03:27.273-05:00Intersection of robotics and nanotechnology enables targeted killing of cancerous tumors<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Chinese-American
nanoscience made a Great Leap Forward through the </span><a href="https://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/fully-automomous-dna-nanorobots-target-and-starve-tumors-in-mice/81255481"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">collaborative
effort</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> of the <span style="background: white; color: #333333;">National Center
for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) in Beijing and Arizona State University’s
Biodesign Institute's Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics</span>: in a
first </span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4071"><span style="color: #0563c1;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in vivo</i> murine study</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, autonomous nanorobots proved to be intelligent
delivery vehicles capable of causing complete cancer regression within a few
days. <span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: #3e433e;">DNA nanorobots employed
one of th</span>e </span><a href="https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/12/new-dna-nanorobots-successfully-targeted-and-killed-off-cancerous-tumors/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">new
drug delivery methods</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (which have always been a fundamental strength of
nanotechnol<span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: #3e433e;">ogy) with </span></span><a href="https://vimeo.com/248894339"><span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">thrombin-loaded
DNA</span></span></a><span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: #3e433e;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> programmed to </span></span><a href="https://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/fully-automomous-dna-nanorobots-target-and-starve-tumors-in-mice/81255481"><span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">respond to a molecular trigger</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: #3e433e;"> to fold into itself like an origami sheet
and subsequently, like a tiny machine, deploy thrombin at the targeted point. </span>By
injecting tumor-associated blood vessels with thrombin that cut off tumor blood
supply within 24 hours, nanorobots caused tumor cell shrinkage and necrosis. Most
notably, clotting did not occur in healthy tissues other than those programmed
for targeting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Significantly, in a
control study of side effects in porcines, healthy tissues also remained
unaffected. Once fully tested and developed for human use, the technology will
obviate the need for most chemotherapy models as well as use of targeted drugs,
because elimination of blood supply limited to tumor cells yields far more
precise results. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Now
for the real hurdle: overcoming opposition to approval for human use by vested
interests in the multi-billion chemotherapy and radiation therapy industry.
Luckily, and quite significantly, this technology did not originate in Lobbyland,
and following very recent reforms of the Chinese </span><a href="https://www.cov.com/-/media/files/corporate/publications/2017/11/chinese_government_initiates_significant_drug_and_device_regulatory_reforms.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">drug
and device approval process</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, chances are that Chinese approvals of
nanorobot therapy will be way faster, securing East Asia’s foothold in the
future of cancer therapy. That would, of course, happen not a moment too soon,
given the </span><a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-24/chinas-cancer-rates-exploding-study-says/7272266"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">explosion
of cancer rates<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span>in China</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, largely
due to severe </span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/air-pollution-s-impact-on-cancer-is-grossly-underestimated/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">carcinogenic
environmental pollution</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> in heavily industrialized parts of the country that
already experiences a wide array of consequences of limited </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/07/china-cancer-villages-industrial-pollution"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">effectiveness
of environmental regulation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, held back in favor of rapid and profitable
industrialization. But the interesting observation is that forum shopping to
defeat inefficient bureaucracies is gaining ground in science and technology
and with startup environments, just as it did in litigation, taxation, treaty
shopping and multiple other areas: market players vote with their feet on the
quality, efficiency and stimulation effects of regulation, and pass value
judgment on its overall utility. </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-64359730547932698062018-02-01T01:00:00.000-05:002018-02-04T09:48:24.624-05:00Going against the grain<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.philippelegrain.com/about/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Philippe Legrain</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> is one of the
most attractive independent thinkers </span><a href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/Staff/visitingStaff/legrain/home.aspx"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">at
LSE</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> – one might label him a contrarian with </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/opinion/this-is-just-the-start-of-the-brexits-economic-disaster.html?ref=opinion&_r=0"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">at
least some good cause</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> – in the populist universe that </span><a href="https://www.socialeurope.eu/2017/01/brexit-into-trumpland/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">gave us
Brexit</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. What I find most amusing is that his almost trivial economics lends
to leave opponents with next to no plausible logic to contradict him. His
recent scholarship precipitated richly on the obvious: why </span><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/av/39122837/academic-why-immigration-boosts-gdp"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">immigration
boosts the GDP</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. It is only in an era of mass stultification through grotesquely
emotionalized nationalist arguments pitching to a base blissfully unaware of
the lessons of history and without comprehensible basis in economic fact, that
this would support a “</span><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/60d0d7e6-db9f-11e3-a460-00144feabdc0"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">controversial</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">”
intellectual agenda </span><a href="http://www.csun.edu/~jaa7021/westciv/Philippe%20Legrain.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">over the years</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
as it has in Legrain’s case while he argued for a “</span><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/philippe-legrain-the-eurozone-crisis-has-tipped-many-into-disillusionment-despair-and-extremism-we-9278743.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">European
Spring</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.”</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Now, it is hardly a
revolutionary idea that doing the right thing from a humanitarian perspective
turns out yielding dividends and is </span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/causeintegration/2015/08/26/doing-good-is-good-business-but-can-you-prove-it/#5ab012c1a52d"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">actually
good business</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. What is a welcome change, however, is to voice such </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/opinion/open-up-europe-let-migrants-in.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">substantiated
Merkelism</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> at a time of Realpolitik when the pendulum of irrational fears
and anger swings in the opposite direction in so many places.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In </span><a href="http://www.opennetwork.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Tent-Open-Refugees-Work_V13.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Refugees
Work: A Humanitarian Investment That Yields Economic Dividends</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">,</span></u> a paper that appears to be the first comprehensive
international study of its kind, Legrain shows how refugees contribute to
advanced economies, and found that they double the host society’s investment in
them over a period of just five years. Would that the same could be said about
each dollar invested in aging natives. Refugees contribute economically as </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/24/immigration-tax-skills-brilliance-quality-life"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">workers
of all skill levels, entrepreneurs, innovators, taxpayers, consumers and
investors</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. The “</span><a href="https://blogs.wsj.com/atwork/2015/01/20/new-report-finds-a-diversity-dividend-at-work/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">diversity
dividend</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">” is, in fact, </span><a href="http://www.opennetwork.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Tent-Open-Refugees-Work_V13.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">remarkable</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">:
more than three in four patents filed in 2011 at the top-ten patent-generating
U.S. universities were attributed to at least one foreign-born inventor, while
in Britain, migrants were found to be almost twice as likely to start a
business as are locals. The most entrepreneurial migrants in Australia are
refugees. One-third of recent refugees in Sweden are college graduates while
two-thirds of those have skills that match current graduate job vacancies. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While it would certainly
appear that Legrain falls victim to his own propaganda and pitches his findings
as actual solutions, without applying the same strict scrutiny to the cost side
of his cost-benefit analysis, there is no question that many if not all of the
most successful synthetic societies in modern history leveraged economic
contributions made by refugees: the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada,
Israel, but also Germany and several South American nations come to mind. In
turn, refusal to quickly integrate and invest in refugees has proved disastrous
in the case of Arab Nations with regard to Palestinians, and across Africa with
its numerous displacements in the wake of seismic political shifts. Although
even prolific generators of refugees can end up beneficiaries: remittances from
abroad to </span><a href="http://www.opennetwork.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Tent-Open-Refugees-Work_V13.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Liberia,
for example, amount to 18.5% of its GDP</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Some of Legrain’s findings are
fallacious on their face, or, rather, reflect </span><a href="http://www.opennetwork.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Tent-Open-Refugees-Work_V13.pdf"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">trivialities</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">:
so, for example, the “discovery” that recognition of foreign qualifications
ought to be streamlined, since it costs only <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">£25,000 to train a refugee doctor to practice in the U.K., while it
costs over £250,000 to “mint” a new British physician. If only social
engineering were that simple, and could afford to ignore blowback from
professions and market segments facing competition from immigrants. Refugees
are not, and cannot be, the sole priority and consideration in balancing social
interests.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Among the interesting findings
of Legrain’s study is that the U.S. is more successful than the EU at getting
refugees to work: their greater initial investment results in a higher rate of
employment than for people born in the U.S., with earnings rising sharply over time
while reliance on social assistance declines rapidly. If, as is plausible, the
first priority should be to get refugees to work early, then granting asylum
seekers right to work while their claims are being reviewed, as is done in
Canada or Sweden, but not in the U.S., is an act of simple pragmatism, not of
principle. Legraine is right that policy ought to combine the active assistance
of the Swedish model with the job and entrepreneurial opportunities in </span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0628/special-report-immigration-opening-borders-mexico-let-them-in.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">U.S.
practice</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Refugees ought to be resettled where there are jobs, not in areas
where cheap housing is available but jobs aren’t, and the same is true of rigid
labor markets privileging insiders at the expense of outsiders, not to mention
stifling entrepreneurship. While government assistance for refugees ought to be
generous, prompt and wide-ranging initially, open-ended welfare provisions not
only create a moral hazard but also have, on balance, a negative impact. </span><a href="http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/04/britain-population-immigration" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Serious analytic</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> examination of </span><a href="https://www.parliament.nz/resource/0000098157"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">economic benefits of
diversity</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">, initiated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inter alia</i>
by Legrain, has far from ended and has barely begun to demonstrate its
predictable wealth of results.</span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-74093789926511510312018-01-13T17:32:00.000-05:002018-02-24T17:50:53.886-05:00The Thiel Fellowship vs. the virtuoso principle in professional education<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Thoughts about contrarian tipping points for
conventional wisdom</span></span></b><br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Citior, altior, fortior - </span><a href="http://registration.olympic.org/en/faq/detail/id/29"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">faster, higher,
stronger.</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The venerable Olympic motto has left the sports arena and turned
us all into valiant gladiators. It is a race we are inevitably bound to lose –
against machines and cyborgs as much as against human mutants who undisputedly
excel at quantitative criteria but have contributed precious little to the qualitative
quantum leaps that made up the ultimate sum total of evolution. </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At the same time, we
are witnessing the unprecedented olympification of all areas of life. The day
cannot be far when every aspect of our existence, everyone and everything with
which we come in contact will be ‘rated.’ From credit ratings to U.S. News
& World Report to Zagat’s, it is the equivalent of cameras in the
courtroom: people start acting for the camera, and for the ranking, to the
detriment of any other priority or independent substantive consideration. I am
not saying it is all bad – witness body cameras for police, and think of
transparency in public companies – but, once a tipping point is reached, it
does create powerful opportunities for contrarian approaches: think leveraged
buyouts and private equity, think investment in distressed assets, think
off-balance-sheet items, think emphasizing criteria the jury didn’t. It is the
very essence of market forces as opposed to Marxist planned economies to award
rewards for what has <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> been planned
for, what went unpredicted, and, hence, unrated. </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I challenge you to name a dozen Wunderkinder, child or youthful
prodigies who later won significant recognition or even just awards for lifetime
achievement. There was Mozart, yes. Now, keep going!</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">It would just be willful blindness
to overlook the evidence: our time is witnessing a spectacular rise in
extremely successful college dropouts. In fact, the vast majority of
billionaires falls into that category – whatever value one might wish to accord
a high net worth, they must be doing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">something</i>
right. </span>Think
of Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Larry Ellison, Frank Lloyd Wright, Buckminster
Fuller, James Cameron, Mark Zuckerberg, Tom Hanks, Harrison Ford, Lady Gaga,
Tiger Woods, Roman Abramovich, Ben Affleck, Andr<span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">é</span>
Agassi, Christina Aguilera, Paul Allen, Woody Allen, Brooke Astor (AND her
husband!). Why should I get carpal tunnel syndrome typing honorable mentions
for the legions of those sore “underachievers” when you can read the </span><a href="http://www.collegedropoutshalloffame.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“hall of shame” of college
dropouts</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> all by yourself?</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The rest of us make up for the ever-growing pool of wannabe Olympians –
measured by purely quantitative criteria, because these are so wonderfully
indisputable. Yes, they are indisputable because they are also almost
completely meaningless, and it is, after all, impossible to argue persuasively
with nonsense. Our standardized tests relate to testing relevant aptitude much as
the ability to jump 5 yards would be predictive for admission to a police
academy: something just tells you that neither Sherlock Holmes nor Inspector Jacques
Clouseau were capable of doing it – or needed to. But it is such a fair,
objective, and, above all, non-discriminatory criterion! Who cares if Sherlock Holmes
doesn’t make the cut-off: we know in our guts that, just like Jessica Fletcher,
he will ultimately not need a police badge to solve the darndest cases. It gets
a little trickier in licensed professions, though. What distorts these tests is
that, because of the substantial numbers of test-takers, a good part will excel
both at relevant and at (the painstakingly measured) irrelevant criteria. Of
course, it is the former the test administrators and their clients will
shamelessly claim credit for.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Standardized tests, the panacea of “selective institutions of higher
learning,” have shunted deep and slow thinkers to the side to give way to those
that excel at quick access to memorized data and to measurable standardized solutions.
Were Galilei or Newton’s apple measurable? That’s not to say a lawyer or a doctor
ought not be able to think quickly on her feet, but only very rarely does it
matter. The other times, it matters mostly for quantitative productivity: that
is to say, it indicates one’s ability to resolve déjà vu problems quickly and
with minimal reflection. Speed is an entirely useless criterion in the quest
for resolving novel, cutting-edge challenges. But then, junior-level
professionals are not even<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> expected</i>
to tinker with those, and by the time they reach a level where actual thinking
may be not only permitted but required as part of their job description, they
can be trusted to have learned all tricks of simulating creativity.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There is another consequence to standardized tests, and it has
thoroughly corrupted higher education: no matter how cleverly they are designed,
all standardized tests inevitably become “learnable.” While this gives rise to
profitable cottage industries concerned with test-prepping, it once again skews
test results in favor of those able to afford it. If only learning for the test
would overlap with learning for life – but it doesn’t. There is, quite simply,
no utility whatsoever in one’s ability to retain, for a few weeks at most,
inordinate volumes of arcane SAT or GRE vocabulary otherwise ably provided by
Merriam Webster. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">That</i>, or
speed-reading, is how we select who should be granted a license to grow their
mind? Really?</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">And this is also exactly why financially quantifiable success based on
qualitative innovation has since some time become the domain of the college
dropout. The very same principle can be applied, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutatis mutandis</i>, to professionals who, by implication of our licensing
laws, cannot have dropped out of college but have faced a very similar dilemma
at the level of graduate and professional schools. </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: black;">J</span><span style="color: black;">obs that enable one to repay one’s educational loans within tolerable
time and with tolerable lifestyle compromises are restricted to graduates of
roughly a dozen professional schools nationwide in each area. That’s where
employers of a certain caliber recruit – with a few notable but statistically
not terribly significant exceptions. The rest cannot find jobs that will keep
them out of quasi-poverty after debt service. How do we know how to identify
these gatekeeper schools? Quite easily: they all come <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ranked</i>, mostly by U.S. News & World Report (and a few others
who base their <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">raison d’</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ê<span style="color: black;">tre</span></i><span style="color: black;"> on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> being
U.S. News and offering some alternative but rarely more meaningful ranking
criteria). Oh, ranking! <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/08/opinion/trachtenberg-college-rankings/"><span style="color: blue;">What
a genius business model, based on a delusionary distortion of the Olympic motto</span></a>.
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/29/opinion/nocera-the-silly-list-everyone-cares-about.html"><span style="color: blue;">The
self-fulfilling prophecy of yet another substantively unsupportable racket</span></a>.
</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is also the reason why an unprecedented cult of youth has taken hold,
ignoring the fact that excellence is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not </i>confined
to the 18-28 age bracket. But combination of acceptable debt service and
retirement savings is. </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Once again, all these conclusions point us to a search for the road less
traveled: because the beaten path holds very little promise, except an early
death by hamster wheel.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If you add to that the fact that many employers of licensed junior
professionals have concluded that professional schools have taught their
entry-level arrivals few things of value, this, in essence, reduces their academic
diplomas to an expensive (and meaningless) kind of intelligence test that comes
with decades-long indebtedness. What follows this exercise is another decade of
sorely needed professional training, this time under practical mentors who set
real-world priorities, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">i.e.,</i> not
“philosophy of…”, “doctrine of…”, “concept of….” but actual solutions that hold
up to the tempest of practical challenges.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Well, one thoroughly fascinating alternative concept is the </span><a href="http://www.thielfellowship.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Thiel Fellowship</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Whatever one may
choose to think of the political and other meanderings of its founder, it is
what only a contrarian can come up with. Not concerned with speed-reading,
paper chases or other quantitatively measurable academic caprioles standardized
tests are so fond of, it provides fellows with $100,000 in grant money for
dropping out of college and pursuing real-life implementation of an idea judged
worthy of the effort and sacrifice. Peter Thiel, one of the most creative
entrepreneurs of recent years, a chess master, co-founder of PayPal and early
funder of Facebook, will strike many as a living contradiction to his own
ideas, since he is, after all, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">a graduate of Stanford (B.A. in
Philosophy and a J.D. from the Stanford Law School).</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> But I see no
contradiction here at all – rather a need for vigorous generalization. Under
Thiel’s approach, no ranking of the outcomes is necessary. The thing speaks for
itself, in the language of Justice Potter Stewart: we know success when we see
it. No need to make presumptuous ‘decisions’ whether robotics, biotech or the
next BigData app are more important for the future of a generation about to be
spawned. Let’s not forget, after all, what ranking has really become about: the
nod of the ranker – and no other merit, whatever effort is made to cloak subjective
outcomes in a costume of objectivity.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While a junior assistant or paper-pusher or suitcase-bearer might well
be judged by his or her “efficiency” at menial practical tasks that lend
themselves to quantitative scoring, that should not be applied if their
employer had the development of significant potential of people on its agenda. </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It took Einstein </span><a href="http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/origins_pathway/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">seven
years to incubate Special Relativity</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and then </span><a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2005/11/29/einsteins-discovery-of-general-relativity-1905-1915/#.VVc5CPlVjBE"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ten
years for General Relativity</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. It is fair to assume that no scientific
funding organization would have supported this process patiently with grants
(and, in fact, no one did – long-haired Albert worked at the patent office in
Bern to support himself, passed over for ‘promotion’ twice</span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1344127?uid=3737528&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21106423549861"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>“until he fully
mastered machine technology”</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">). </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Yes. I know. Not every seven years spent brooding over a bizarre idea
will result in anything even vaguely resembling greatness. Ask any PhD in
Mathematics. In fact, the percentage of this happening will be lousier than the
</span><a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443720204578004980476429190"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">survival
rates of start-up companies</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. It is equally true that there are few
alternatives to such brooding other than a </span><a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a510795.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">DARPA-like approach</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Part of the regulatory madness that makes taking companies private so
attractive is the insanity of measuring strategic management performance by </span><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/good-news/11231685/Quarterly-reporting-quietly-comes-to-an-end.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">quarterly
reports</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and prospectuses. A systemic prescription for failure and abuse?
You bet. But one devilishly perplexing temptation is inherent in quantitative
scoring that has even moderate acceptance: controversies and justified
criticism aside, right or wrong, numbers will be relied upon for selection and
allocation processes, only because they are so easy to use, and, more
importantly, ‘because they are there.’</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To force an individualized, qualitative, subjective look at the
individual or decision in question would require considerably greater expense
of time and depth of analysis and comparison. Besides, it would invariably give
rise to challenges on grounds of fairness, comparability, discrimination and
similar objections – simply because such obvious if irrelevant points of attack
are inherent in any non-quantitative review. But do markets care what’s ‘fair’
or ‘objective’? Back to Sherlock Holmes, Jacques Clouseau, or Jessica Fletcher:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">res ipsa loquitur</i> and nothing else. </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Just like religions can be shown to have been molded to suit the interests of clerics and not of their respective
flocks, the stark realities in higher education beg a similar question: are
substance and processes designed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">at all</i>
to serve the interests not only of students but of prospective employers –
whose overarching interest must obviously be a maximum of innovative, creative
and productive staffers? </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Take law school as a classical example: past a single year of common
core, of elementary foundational classes, it matters not if there is any
utility to class selection in the following years. On the contrary, giving
maximum weight to speculative, theoretical and abstract classes is encouraged
by faculty who argue that this is students’ ‘last opportunity to acquaint
themselves with questions of a philosophical nature, not dictated by utility.’
A quick aside – does real life reward anything at all that does <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> rise to standards of utility? When
did it? But it is, of course, so much easier to teach an abstract class of
notions, concepts, and obscure yet controversial doctrines, than to present something
that bears the almost objectionable aura of black-letter law. Employers have
long given up on expecting graduates to have learned useful things in law
school beyond the mere ability to think, and are entirely prepared to start
what they consider meaningful education from zero once post-sheepskin reality
settles in.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Today, most higher education is a compelling example of systemic
failure, especially when one takes total cost to society of its irrational,
inaccurate and inefficient selection mechanisms into account. At a national
credit risk in excess of $1 trillion, student debt has become the next perfectly
foreseeable financial albatross, just like S&L guarantees, the Dot Com bubble
and subprime mortgages had been – long before evidence thereof was considered
‘reliable’ enough by special interests that favored the status quo. Each, an
unforeseeable, unpredictable crisis? Permit me not to comment. What happened
was, in fact, inevitable – only its exact occurrence remained somewhat
uncertain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A functional – although perhaps not formal – equivalent of the Thiel
Fellowship will be of utmost importance for the future of professional
education. Almost alone among civilized nations, the U.S. affords the
incomprehensible luxury of requiring professional education to begin at the
graduate rather than at the undergraduate level. It cannot be the purpose of
tertiary education to make up for the sometimes indisputable weaknesses of
secondary education by mandating an extremely costly four extra years rather
than weeding out its victims by aggressively substantive admissions testing.
How completing an arcane and often entirely unrelated undergraduate major makes
for better lawyers may be an argument for another time and place. However, any
meaningful incentive that causes effects similar to those encouraged by the
Thiel Fellowship has to find very fertile ground. It would revolutionize
professional education as we know it, by stripping it of trappings that matter
nowhere outside of academia and that are a direct violation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">carpe diem</i> from the macroeconomic
perspective of allocating national resources where they yield their most
significant returns.</span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-73695830168947964452017-12-01T22:28:00.000-05:002017-12-01T22:28:02.220-05:00Winning Formula M<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Whoever thought that <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula-1/2017/01/23/bernie-ecclestone-reaches-end-road-formula-one-chief-executive/">Bernie Ecclestone’s departure</a> from Formula One would be the end of an era had absolutely zero perspective on nanotechnology: there is plenty of room at the bottom, as nanotech’s earliest and, to this day, greatest visionary <a href="http://www.phy.pku.edu.cn/~qhcao/resources/class/QM/Feynman%27s-Talk.pdf">Richard Feynman declared at Caltech in 1959</a> – at a time when not only many members of today’s <a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i19/Worlds-first-nanocar-race-crowns-champion.html">six nano-racing teams</a> but also their academic mentors were not even born yet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For there is an emergent dimension of <a href="http://www.livescience.com/58875-molecule-machines-prep-for-first-nanocar-race.html">molecular racing</a>, and its first event took place at Toulouse, at a Grand Prix race track created by CEMES, the <a href="http://www.cemes.fr/molecule-car-race?lang=en">Centre d’<span lang="IT" style="line-height: 17.12px;">É</span>laboration de Mat<span lang="IT" style="line-height: 17.12px;">é</span>riaux et d’<span lang="IT" style="line-height: 17.12px;">E</span>tudes Structurales</a> of the <a href="http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/2907.htm">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</a> this April 28-29, 2017. It is not an experimental playing field for silly geeks who never outgrew their dad’s garage: just like video games produced considerable collateral benefits for the “real world” (think drone technologies, or remote surgery) the purpose of molecular machines is to eventually perform useful work on an atomic scale. Nanorobots will be able to manipulate individual atoms or molecules, manufacture amazing new materials or transport substances in a heretofore unknown targeted fashion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The six race cars starting in Toulouse were 1-2 nm in size and had to be moved through minimal electric impulses on their own motion along a defined track of 150 nm that included handling two chicanes with a 120-degree angle. It took the winning team 90 minutes, temporarily reaching speeds of up to 300 nm per hour. That was an amazing speed in light of the fact that the organizers had calculated 18 hours rather than 90 minutes as a performance limit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The winner was neither Mercedes nor Ferrari but a <a href="http://tournas.rice.edu/website/nanoprix.html">joint venture</a> between <a href="http://www.rice.edu/">Rice University</a>, Houston, TX and the <a href="https://www.uni-graz.at/en/">University of Graz</a>, Austria. On the two racing days, they moved their cars by scanning-tunneling microscope over a distance of 1,000 nm or 1 micrometer. The runner-up mustered only about one-sixth of their speed. Division of labor turned out useful: while the team at Rice produced the molecules, the team at Graz focused on “training,” <i>i.e</i>., examining them by scanning-tunneling microscope, observing their motion, and “driving” them in the race. While the Rice chemists benefited from decades of experience in producing an exceptionally suited molecule, Graz advanced manipulation of mechanics by optimizing the interaction between molecule and “road” surface. Among the sponsors of competing teams were also three major <a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i19/Worlds-first-nanocar-race-crowns-champion.html">automotive manufacturers</a>: Peugeot, Toyota and Volkswagen. The <a href="http://www.cemes.fr/Molecule-car-Race?lang=fr">rules permitted</a> molecular race cars to be propelled either (i) using the tunnel electrons passing through it; or (ii) light; or (iii) nano-magnetic effects. Molecule cars were allowed to be manipulated mechanically to reach the 2 gold ad-atoms of the starting line. While it may take a while for nano-race cars to command significant TV following and commercial ratings, part of their fascination is that the action is, indeed, <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/02/526605120/microscopic-cars-square-off-in-big-race">observable</a> and will pave the way for infinitely greater sophistication as time for those developments might shrink at a speed comparable to miniaturization itself.</span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-27609167018623821462017-11-01T23:18:00.000-04:002017-11-01T23:18:07.344-04:00Edible Nanofibers: A Substantially More Cost-Effective Delivery System for Iron <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Iron deficiency anemia is a growing public health problem, above all
in developing countries. About <a href="http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/">2 billion individuals</a> or
about 30 percent of the world’s population are anemic, many due to <a href="http://www.healthline.com/health/iron-deficiency-inadequate-dietary-iron">iron
deficiency</a> which can lead to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24372984">developmental disorders in
children</a>. The pharmaceutical industry has developed a range of products for
iron fortification of foods to provide the body with the element central for
oxygen transport through the bloodstream. But cost, bioavailability and other
factors created limitations. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/cdi/ferrous-sulfate.html">Ferrous sulfate</a>,
currently a standard treatment for humans, changes color and taste of foodstuffs
in an undesirable manner and <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3442763/Warning-iron-tablets-study-reveals-damage-body-just-10-MINUTES.html">shows
harmful side-effects</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2017.58.epdf">Recent nanotechnology
research at ETH Zurich</a> pursued a different avenue: edible nanofibers based
on whey protein are loaded with iron nanoparticles and delivered as a food
supplement in liquid or powder form. <a href="https://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v12/n7/full/nnano.2017.58.html">Experiments
with rats showed</a> that stomach enzymes were capable of dissolving the <a href="https://www.cbe.ncsu.edu/khangroup/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2017/02/sullivan.pdf">whey
protein nanofibers</a> completely, while acidic conditions in the human stomach
are certain to dissolve the load of iron nanoparticles with greatly improved
bioavailability. The study also tested for risk of harmful accumulation of
nanofibers or nanoparticles <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsnano.6b02876?journalCode=ancac3">within
the organism</a>, since whey protein fibers had never before been used in food
stuffs. But not a single indication of <a href="https://www.ethz.ch/content/main/en/news-und-veranstaltungen/eth-news/news/2017/04/neue-methode-der-eisenverabreichung.html">accumulation
or changes in organs was found</a>. That notwithstanding, additional studies
will be needed to establish security for human consumption. Cost-benefit
analysis measuring <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28375175">bioavailability
and resorption of iron nanoparticles</a> shows a substantial improvement in
nutritional supplementation at a particularly low cost of ingredients and
manufacturing processes.</span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-34920098225886081022017-10-01T22:11:00.000-04:002017-10-01T22:11:11.698-04:00Nanovibrations: Controlling the Material Properties of Crystals<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Salts and comparable structures consist of ions. In a solid state,
they form <a href="https://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/lattice.html">ion
lattices</a>. <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141105112622.htm">Vibrations</a>
of <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep21547">ion crystals</a>
account, <i>inter alia</i>, for <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatra.html">heat
transfer</a> and the <a href="http://www.acousticsfirst.com/educational-videos-acoustic-sound-diffusion.htm">diffusion
of sound</a>. Controlling vibrations may enable control of material properties
of crystals. Conceivable innovative applications include thermoelectric nanoelements
that could render human body heat usable as power supply of <a href="http://www.analog.com/en/analog-dialogue/articles/wearable-electronic-devices.html">wearable
electronic devices</a>, or <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3155132/Quantum-silence-New-material-produce-super-sound-proofing-allows-noise-pass-one-direction.html">wafer-thin
structures to create sound-proof chambers</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Now, a cooperation of <a href="http://iamdn.rutgers.edu/people">Rutgers
University</a>, a center of <a href="http://iamdn.rutgers.edu/research/nanobiology/16-home">nanobiology</a>,
and the <a href="https://physik.uni-graz.at/en/">University of Graz</a>,
Austria, relying on latest-generation electron microscopy, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21699.epdf">made ion lattice
vibrations visible</a> for the first time in ultra-high atomic and energetic
resolution in both spatial and spectral dimension, compared to <a href="https://phys.org/news/2014-11-nano-vibrations.html">earlier experiments</a>.
The ion lattice of a crystal nanocube was caused to vibrate by targeting it
with an <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/electron-beam">electron
beam</a>. Depending on the spot on the cube hit by the electron, it can trigger
different modes. The more powerful the ion trigger, the more energy is drawn
from the electron beam. The individual modes of vibration can be determined
from the measured loss of energy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By causing the electron beam to cover the entire
sample, <a href="http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~cjp20/old/lectures/topic4.pdf">vibrations
of the ion lattice</a> could be determined with topological resolution in the
nanometer scale and with a very high frequency in the Terahertz range. The
phenomena observed under the electron microscope were computer-simulated, which
showed for the first time how ions vibrate at different locations on the cube.
This may open the door to revolutionary developments in steering sound and heat
with heretofore unknown precision.</span></span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7847491321506212441.post-13021905555836107122017-09-03T14:56:00.000-04:002017-09-03T14:56:46.520-04:00Printing Life<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It has been some time since 3D printers entered our collective
consciousness as useful tools for more than toys and demonstration objects. Even
<a href="https://3dprint.com/139537/3d-printed-guns/">firearms</a> and
certainly <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/19/3d-printed-prosthetic-limbs-revolution-in-medicine">synthetic
prosthetic limbs</a> seem capable of being 3D-printed. As ageing societies face
increasing shortages of donor <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/4/1/10/pdf">organs</a>
for transplantation, the use of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189697/">3D print
technology in medicine</a>, although perhaps among the most obvious and
compelling, is new but likely to disrupt synthetic biology as few tools have
done before. Small wonder it won first prize 2016 at the international
Genetically Engineered Machine (<a href="http://2016.igem.org/Main_Page">iGEM</a>)
contest, an <a href="http://igem.org/Main_Page">MIT creation</a>. The method
enables <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734975016301719">printing
intact tissues</a> and potentially even entire organs using <a href="http://2016.igem.org/Team:LMU-TUM_Munich">3D bioINK tissue printing
technology.</a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While printing biological material such as <a href="http://news.psu.edu/story/415808/2016/06/27/research/3d-printing-produces-cartilage-strands-bioink">cartilage</a>
is already established <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/stem-cells-survive-3d-printing-to-produce-cartilage">state-of-the-art</a>,
printing complex cell tissue still presented notable challenges. They were
resolved by printing layers of living cells with a 3D printer into a <a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/9/e1500758.full">biocompatible
matrix</a> in a petri dish. In the past, <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123213000969">hydrogels</a>
were used to supply a gelatin-like structure that is only later populated by
cells. This “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_bioprinting">scaffolding</a>”
complicates printing and creates <a href="http://blog.pnas.org/2014/04/printing-living-cells-with-woodblocks/">unnatural
coherence</a> between cells. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instead, the students at two universities in Munich, <a href="https://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/index.html">Ludwig-Maximilian University</a>
and <a href="https://www.tum.de/en/homepage/">Technical University of Munich</a>,
developed a proprietary “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpBy_T94TWw">biological
ink</a>” similar to a two-component adhesive to print living cells directly in
3D. Its main component is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin">biotin</a>,
also known as vitamin H or B7 that is loaded onto the cellular surface. The
second component, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptavidin">streptavidin</a>,
is a protein that binds biotin and thus provides the biochemical adhesive
proper. In addition, high-volume proteins were equipped with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinylation">biotin groups</a> in order
to create cross-networking structures. When a suspension of these cells is
“printed” into a concentrated solution of the protein components, they form the
requisite 3D structure and the bioINK tissue printer forms layers of scalable,
formable tissue of living cells, ready for transplant.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
Joanna Diane Caytashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10409359129804742288noreply@blogger.com0